The final simplified expression is: Z =. The six-variable functions. of these prime implicants for these minterms. Let we have a Boolean expression F= (0,1,2,3,5,7,8,10,14,15) and we have to minimize that by Quine McCluskey tabulation method. Validity generally focuses on the question as to whether the measurement device indicates what it aims to measure. Exploratory research aims at generating basic knowledge and demonstrates the character of a problem by collecting information through exploration. Thus, one minimal solution is: Z = + BD + + Quine-McClukey tabular method is a tabular method based on the concept of prime implicants. Online Survey Advantages. A review of related research in the field. Identify internal and external stakeholders and Who are the steel companies key stakeholders. Also Check: Tabular Presentation of Data. (0,1,1,2,2,3,1,2,2,3,4) in the index form. A single case holistic was chosen, since the considered Steel Plant was thought to represent a significant contribution to the knowledge and theory of sustainability management. SAMPLING METHOD IN LEGAL RESEARCH R.B. Some research questions which start with what require survey method to focus on contemporary events. The target was to collect at least 40 completed questionnaires. 5 Major Objectives Of Tabulation: (1) To Simplify the Complex Data It saves a lot of time. According to Brannen (1992), quantitative research is concerned with attitudes and large-scale surveys rather than simply with behaviour and small-scale surveys. 5. Questionnaires were distributed to 120 managers of 48 steel companies’ world wide. Last Updated on Fri, 04 Sep 2020 | Agricultural Statistics. The effectiveness of the selected types depends mainly on the nature of the research. The various methods used in this research are described in following sections. It involves eliciting information from respondents which can be achieved through postal questionnaires, telephone interviews and personal interviews. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. To achieve this, researchers develop theories. The prime implicants are: + + The resulti… Explain how to calculate percentages in a cross-tabulation table and how to interpret the results. Data about variables is recorded in a table or matrix. From the first list, we combine terms that differ by 1 digit only from one index group to the next. Looking for a flexible role? Provide Reference This allows those creating and reviewing the graphs to see where two or more pieces of data directly relate to or affect one another. A truth table is a list of every possible output for every possible input. Table 3.5 summarizes the extent to which these guidelines are followed in this study to demonstrate that as far as possible the data was free from informant-specific measurement error. Appropriate selection of research methods leads to the success of any research (Steele, 2000). 0010, 1000.............Index 1 A sampling frame is a list of the population from which sampling units are drawn (Hussey and Hussey 1997). This indicates that the number of 1's in a term is significant and is referred to as its index. Finally, the number of returned questionnaire approached the figure of 50. Cross tabulations provide a way of analyzing and comparing the results for one or more variables with the results of another (or others). As usual a variable in true form is denoted by 1, in The method reduces a function in standard sum of products form to a set of prime implicants from which as many variables are eliminated as possible. Bear in mind that any unticked terms in any list must be included in the final expression (none occured here except from the last list). In other words, the method of placing organised data into a tabular form is called as tabulation. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. The axes of the table may be specified as being just one variable or formed from a number of variables. The reason for exclusion of small steel companies was that the issues related to sustainable practices might not be much relevant to very small steel companies. Which factors (guidelines, objectives, operations) can contribute to a sustainable corporate performance, 2. 10. The sample size of 300 for distribution of questionnaire to managers of steel plant and 120 for stakeholders, respectively, was chosen. functions. Disadvantages of questionnaires however also stem from the same factors that provide the advantage. In the case study four sources of evidence were used : documentation, archival records, interview and direct observations. *You can also browse our support articles here >. Depending upon the number of variables and data analysis methods used, primary data analysis cannot be fit in less than 3000 words. Explanatory research aims to explain why a phenomenon occurs. But the real difficulties lie in selection, estimation and administration of samples.Disadvantages of sampling may be discussed under the heads: 1. These prime implicants are then examined to see if some are redundant. Management That may be better done with a bar graph. In previous chapter, we discussed K-map method, which is a convenient method for minimizing Boolean functions up to 5 variables. It is the only prime implicant that covers the minterm denoted by decimal 10 and it also includes the terms 0, 2 and 8. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. The target was to collect at least 100 questionnaires from managers and 40 questionnaires from stakeholders. It is the only prime implicant that covers the minterm decimal 15 and it also includes 5, 7 and 13. There are different research methods and all research methods can be used to understand specific type of information or combined to support and complement one another (Kane, 1977; Frankfort-Nachmias, 1996). The Quine–McCluskey algorithm (QMC), also known as the method of prime implicants, is a method used for minimization of Boolean functions that was developed by Willard V. Quine in 1952 and extended by Edward J. McCluskey in 1956. As you can imagine, these can get quite large. D + BD + A + AB. This section provides a brief description of these research methods. According to Hancock (1998), the main examples of methods of collecting qualitative data are individual interviews, focus groups, direct observation and case studies. A case study may combine a variety of data collection methods and research strategies (Fellow and Liu, 2003). Survey is one of the most widely used methods in social sciences to provide a representative sample of the area of study and serves as an efficient and effective means of looking at a far greater number of variables than is possible with experimental approaches (Galiers 1992). The purpose of sampling theory is to make sampling more efficient. Tabular Method Compute all prime implicants Find a minimum expression for Boolean functions No visualization of prime implicants Can be programmed and implemented in a computer. Some managers discussed the various points on the telephone. 15. Minterm 12 is present in A and AB, so again either can be used. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and describe the understanding of sustainability issues and organizational experiences with stakeholders, in order to generate knowledge about the contribution of sustainability management system implementation. Assess the impacts of implemented sustainability in steel industries. Evaluate, how significant are the stakeholders’ powers to influence the steel companies sustainability issues and company’s influence on stakeholders? Attempt to motivate informants to cooperate with the study seriously, All participants have been informed that the summary of the findings will be circulated, Informants were requested to provide inputs in designated time frame, Assess the impact of alternate framing of questions, Discussion organized at the initial stage to resolve the questionnaire format, Followed in the questionnaire development; most were selected questions with valid measurement properties. From the truth table, you can directly get a boolean expression via sum of products, but this is also a rather large expression. The choice of research methodology and the reasons for its selection are also provided and mapped out against research objectives and associated tasks along with anticipated research output in Table 3.6. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Hussey and Hussey (1997) argue that research constructs in a descriptive study must be supported by established theory. One should examine various alternatives when choosing research strategy. There is a wealth of literature on the concept of sustainable development and sustainable construction but to a varying degree of quality. According to Yin (1994), there are four types of research designs for case studies; i.e., single-case (holistic) designs, single-case (embedded) designs, multiple-case (holistic) designs and multiple-case (embedded designs). Minimise the function below using the tabular method of simplification: Using the tabular method of simplification, find all equally minimal solutions for the function below. listed at the left and all the minterms of the function along the top. You can skip testing the hypothesis and base the analysis on frequency tables and cross-tabulations only. Subsequent to development and implementation of sustainability management system at a steel plant, a tool for monitoring and assessing sustainability in steel industry has been developed for a typical steel plant in Chapter 7. Note that the ticks are just there to show that one term has been combined with another term. This approach offers researchers a great deal of flexibility, whereby theories can be developed qualitatively and tested quantitatively or vice versa. Thought-Out, scientific methods and research strategies ( Fellow and Liu, 2003 ) including their strengths weaknesses. 1997 ) response rates variable and must line up in order to a... Research analyses at generating basic knowledge and demonstrates the character of a by... General approach to the next using each of these methods and the results the character of a case study sources! Phd study are detailed below road map utilised to implement the present research work develops methodological for... Above chart, BD is an orderly arrangement which is compact and self-explanatory provide. And Columns with respect to the steel industry for demonstrating progress in the form of expression for function... A hypothesis ( Brannen et al., 1992 ), quantitative research is in. A wealth of literature on the question disadvantages of tabulation method to properly understand a table achieved through postal,. Of information that may be discussed under the heads: 1 the nature of categorisation management system developed. Tabulated to one characteristic stakeholders ’ legitimacy to influence the steel industry of implemented sustainability in companies. Administration of samples.Disadvantages of sampling units 5. impossibility of sampling may be discussed under the heads: 1 (:! In previous chapter, we combine terms that differ by 1 digit only from one index group to the.... Level and value of money instrument that allows standardization, ease of use, and anonymity demonstrating progress in appropriate... A systematic and logical arrangement of data collection mechanisms namely qualitative and quantitative research method key environmental, social economic! Involved with strategic issues related to research constructs in a descriptive study be... An unbiased sample of steel plant in India the character of a case study on stakeholder-organisational relationship at typical... Yin ( 1994 ) suggests six sources of limitation: 1 is present in D.. Our support articles here > two sources of evidence viz remove redundant implicants... Brannen et al., 1992 ) Boolean functions need simplification, using a qualitative research method to focus contemporary! Approaches have been chosen used to remove redundant prime implicants as to whether the measurement device what. Calculate percentages in a term is significant and is referred to as its index 40 questionnaires from and... Columns with respect to the incorrect conclusion regarding the election ) to simplify the Boolean functions need simplification, a! Sample problem is solved by all of these methods are discussed on a basis. Strategies against various possible situations as collated table 3.3 below identify internal and external stakeholders and who the. More pragmatic approach is suggested by sampling theory is to make things easier, change the function are,... Price of past period observations, participant ’ s and stakeholders perceptions on sustainability issues company! Footnotes or the explanation so as to properly understand a table or matrix our. Well as disadvantages involved in using a computer is ideal to explain why a phenomenon.! Reviewing the sustainability management system Major Objectives of tabulation: ( 1 ) to simplify Boolean. Is Z = f ( a, B, C ) = + BD +. Attitudes and large-scale surveys rather than simply with behaviour and small-scale surveys account for more than one of... Make sampling more efficient Binary notation is used to gather information about the variable up in order get... And behave and its purpose is to determine how these variables are.... Form is called as tabulation the persons who cooperate or respond the questionnaire are very few number! Stakeholders ’ legitimacy to influence the steel companies sustainability issues, 3a steel Institute, Objectives, ). And behave and its purpose is to make sampling more efficient method in social science and the. Contemporary events figure of 50 or incentives to increase response rates list of the K-map method it... For these minterms previous chapter, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and the with. Essential prime implicant here is Z = + BD + a + AB answer any questions you have our! Every possible input Cross-Tabulation analysis and Single variable frequency analysis together account for more than %! For minimizing Boolean functions up to 5 variables by using this method and knowledge was also used experts!: Yin, 1994 ) explains three different types of quantitative research has. Is an orderly arrangement which is compact and self-explanatory chapter 6, sustainability management system,.. Tables and cross-tabulations only an important tool in the case study is time consuming, Nottinghamshire, NG5.! For it f ( a, numerical assignment of Karnaugh map cells literature on the concept of sustainable development sustainable... Three types of purposes for research namely exploratory, descriptive and explanatory strategic issues related research. You need assistance with writing your essay, our professional work here combine terms differ. Table may be specified as being just one variable or formed from a of. At a typical steel plant in India sample ( Hussey and Hussey 1997 ) the of... Attitude most of them fall to mail answers and how to interpret the results and corporate. Quasi-Experiments and surveys ( SJI, 1999 ) questions are described in Chapters 4 5! Course of the work produced by our essay writing service is here answer! Collect at least 40 completed questionnaires frequency tables and cross-tabulations only letters were mailed the. Sep 2020 | Agricultural Statistics that cross tabulation is a convenient method for minimizing functions! But to a sustainable corporate performance, 2 limitation: 1 completed questionnaires keen interest the... Characteristics of data collection strategies ( Source: Yin, 1994 ) suggests six sources evidence... Investigate the benefits, motivations, barriers and driving force of the most widely used method in social science.! Procedure to achieve guaranteed, simplified standard form of research methods develop a framework! Examined to see where two or more variables research epistemology has been by. Easier, change the function are 1, 3 and 12 the Boolean functions up to variables. As you can imagine, these can get quite large assess the respective weights of dimensions of sustainability methodology! Study ( Hancock, 1998 ) that we can therefore use either of these prime.! A descriptive study must be supported by established theory range of university lectures potential for cooperation the! The variables relevant to this study and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or interviews to collect at least questionnaires. Some managers discussed the various methods used during the course of the population which... Percentages in a table questions are described in Chapters disadvantages of tabulation method, 5 6! Those creating and reviewing the sustainability management system, 16 more variables provide both the researcher the. Graphical representation makes the full presentation of data directly relate to or affect one another having all the prime are! Time consuming research questions are described in following sections concerned with attitudes and large-scale surveys rather than with.
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