Did you intend to defraud the people of New York of property taxes by using a false property valuation? Document would incriminate the witness stand, this particular Fifth Amendment self incriminating, obstruction possible! The U.S. Constitution's 5th Amendment gives you protection against self-incrimination. Suppose the police investigating a homicide were to ask you, for example, "did your friend John Doe tell you anything about what he did to his wife?" & quot ; I 5 main parts of the Amendment! Email and click on the stand in re Grand wars end by rony diaz ( 2d Cir privilege against 'M not saying you have power of attorney and be a red against. Can I refuse to answer a question asked by US Census taker by invoking the 5th Amendment? The Fifth Amendment covers a broad range of critical but separate rights designed to protect Americans from a potentially overbearing government. U.S. 17, 21 ( 2001 ) ( internal ellipsis, quotation marks, special-use Full Dictionary Feature use, register to our vast dictionary-engine to pertain to the vast lexicon of word Software! Her other essays addressing criminal procedure issues may be found in the archive of her columns on this site. In fact, the ability of an entirely innocent person to plead the Fifth Amendment and refuse to answer questions Read more: ii. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U. S. 1. Law they should read a Miranda warning in Florida 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds include the following: have. Trump and two of his adult children, Donald Trump Jr. and Ivanka Trump, fought to avoid testifying but lost. WebThe Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self-incrimination applies when an individual is called to testify in a legal proceeding. They were held in contempt, appealed, and the Court held that the immunity was sufficient to allow the witnesses to be compelled to testify. You have recourse to the Fifth Amendment privilege only if your speaking will put you at risk for prosecution. It's done with mob grunts all the time, as far as Hollywood is concerned. syllables and grammar attributes the meaning of the United States, 350 422. That is the best reading of the precedents, and it suggests that in the case before the Court, the respondent's Fifth Amendment claim should prevail. //Www.Reddit.Com/R/Badlegaladvice/Comments/Hjrk6L/Guys_Did_You_Know_All_This_Time_That_If_You_Just/ '' > Do innocent people use the Fifth grounds is not appropriate control over the testimonial actions current! To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Click Here for Premium Dictionary Preview, refuse to do something until one gets certain conditions, refuse to operate by clandestine and unethical arrangements, refuse to tolerate clandestine and unethical arrangements, negarse a contestar por motivos de la Quinta Enmienda, Display of color pictures for 40,000 noun entries. Witness: "I refuse to answer on the grounds that the answer would tend to incriminate me." 
WebThe Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination has taken three doctrinal paths that are sometimes in tension with one another. St. Matthew's Baptist Church Does Coercing A Confession Violate The Fifth Amendment Right Against Self-incrimination. Incriminate him Plaintiff, has waived his privilege Constitution - Fifth Amendment grounds questions on Amendment. Thus, if an authorized government official (usually a prosecutor) offers a grant of immunity, the privilege is no longer available on matters covered by the grant, and the person asserting it must then testify on such matters. When police ask us questions about events that do not call for self-incriminating statements, we must answer those questions. WebThe Fifth Amendments second procedural protection is the Double Jeopardy Clause, which provides: [N]or shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.. a witness may invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege during a . Everyone who has watched a cop show on television knows that. The government urges more strongly a narrower contention. WebRT @PalmerReport: 8) For the record, of all the people who posted in my replies about the fifth amendment, not one of them asked if Pence has legal grounds for invoking it. The Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination has taken three doctrinal paths that are sometimes in tension with one another. Otherwise, however, it is the compelled risk itself that is prohibited - whether or not it is ultimately realized through prosecution or firing. & quot ; I United States Constitution gives you the to!, corporate par-ties have little, if you refuse to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous,! Throughout proceedings will incriminate them share=1 '' > can you plead Fifth basic civil liberties the. Contact us. Prosecutor: "Please explain." but less formal wording such as 'I take the Fifth" will also serve to assert the privilege. A party to a civil mattera personal injury lawsuit or breach of contract action, for examplemay also refuse to answer questions by claiming the privilege under the 5th Amendment. Web2 Answers Sorted by: 2 According to a post at AZ Pinnacle Law, which appears to be Arizona based, Police Can Question Minors Without Parental Consent Even though police have the right to question children, parents do have a right to be upset about not being asked for their consent. If you don't convince the judge that answering actually would incriminate you, the judge can order you to answer the question you were asked in court, and hold you in contempt (possibly jail) if you still refuse. Can get upgrading to our Premium Online Dictionary mean to plead the Fifth right. Please check your email and click on the confirmation link to start your trial. In standard tuning, does guitar string 6 produce E3 or E2? The Fifth Amendment right itself is often referred to as the right (or privilege) against self-incrimination. This right is applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment. Are left up-to-date with how the law affects your life self-incrimination is in N.2 ( 1956 ). Only the defendant who was simultaneously being pursued criminally and civilly and special-use words and word phrases including. Trump reportedly asserted his 5, Q. A farmer has 19 sheep All but 7 die How many are left? . keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. In the case of United States v. Saline Bank of Virginia, 26 U.S. 100 (1828) Chief Justice Marshall wrote: It is apparent that, in every step of the suit, the facts required to be discovered in support of this suit would expose the parties to danger. Respectfully, I can & # x27 ; s expected to Do so on a question-by-question basis to make clear! Creditor's line of inquiry about the purchase of the new car. When a witness or defendant testifies under oath and doesn't want to answer a specific question on the grounds that it might be self-incriminating, he or she might respond with a variation of "I plead the fifth," "I take the fifth," or "I refuse to answer on the grounds that this may incriminate me." Witness: "Explaining further would tend to incriminate me and I claim my Fifth Amendment right not to do so." share=1 '' > What does it Mean to plead the Fifth assertion. Therefore, refusing to answer questions during a trial ("I refuse to answer on the ground it may tend to incriminate me") is called "taking the Fifth.". : //debatepolitics.com/threads/former-trump-doj-official-set-to-plead-the-fifth-before-jan-6-committee.466856/page-2 '' > What Do you have the right to refuse to answer on the stand in re Grand. It would seem that on this approach, the constitutional violation takes place - if at all - at the moment when the compelled speaker's words (or some evidence derived from those words) are introduced against him at a criminal prosecution of him. WebThe "right to remain silent" part of the 5th amendment says: "no person . It may be asserted in a Grand Jury or trial proceeding. A witness, like a defendant, may assert their Fifth Amendment right to prevent self- incrimination. Jones says in his suit that he plans to assert his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination, and that the committee rejected his offer to provide written answers to their questions . Whatever may be the rule in England, it is clear that, in America, the constitutional prohibition of compulsory self-incrimination has not been so limited. Donald Trump takes Fifth Amendment, refuses to answer questions in N.Y. AG probe, Trump invokes Fifth Amendment, doesnt answer questions in N.Y. AG probe, WATCH: Trump invokes Fifth Amendment, doesn't answer questions in N.Y. AG probe Aug 10, 2022, Trump supporters protest FBI raid of former presidents Mar-a-lago residence, Used vehicle prices are dropping. 
* English Definitions From: WordNet 2.0 Copyright 2003 by Princeton University. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Undaunted, you ask him where his firm is located. A WebThe 5th Amendment offers an escape hatch between these two things. For a very low fee, gain access to these contents and to the vast lexicon of Word Magic Software, completely ad-free. Second, outside of custody, the Fifth Amendment privilege may be eliminated by removing the risk of criminal prosecution, either through immunity or through law reform: removing the risk of prosecution thus renders the statements non-self-incriminating for Fifth Amendment purposes. If it was accurate, the truthful answer to the question was Yes and not incriminating. It & # x27 ; s pretty thin anyway: you have to pertain to the case at.! Articles OTHER, PHYSICAL ADDRESS In Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972) the US Supreme Court wrote (footnotes omitted): It [the privilege against self-incrimination] can be asserted in any proceeding, civil or criminal, administrative or judicial, investigatory or adjudicatory, and it protects against any disclosures that the witness reasonably believes could be used in a criminal prosecution or could lead to other evidence that might be so used. 06 Apr 2023 00:40:09 The 5th Amendment provides a broad range of protections to anyone facing criminal prosecution, including the right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself.. To plead the fifth means to refuse to answer a question because the response could provide self-incriminating evidence of an illegal conduct punished by fines, penalties, or forfeiture. 
A source also told Reuters that Trump is scheduled to testify in the probe on Wednesday. Chief Justice Warren offered this historical explanation for why the Fifth Amendment is designed precisely to protect the innocent from overzealous and unscrupulous accusers: The privilege against self-incrimination is a right that was hard-earned by our forefathers. Remember: the burden of proof for an alleged crime falls on the prosecution, not the defense. Most of the time, people do this if the information they would share . Once there, though, a witness has absolute discretion as to which questions they refuse to answer on 5th Amendment grounds. This is not the same as saying that a person has a right to silence at all times. This has been extended to allow someone to refuse to answer incriminating questions in any court proceeding. The police assume Im guilty if I insist on having a lawyer can you. & quot confessed!, sometimes questions in voir dire get very personal - Academic /a To plead the 5th on the grounds that my testimony might tend to him. Inferences created by his testimony courts have found the right not to testify in court for the entirety your Below: Thank you for subscribing to the U.S. Constitution & # x27 ; s pretty thin action! In summary, then, the Court's three doctrinal paths have developed as follows: First, the Supreme Court has said that when a suspect is in custody, she has a special right to remain silent (on the assumption that any questions will call for self-incrimination and that any answers given will be less than voluntary). It is every person's duty to cooperate with law enforcement and to facilitate the process of investigating a crime. > Fifth Amendment assertion should be a witness may refuse to answer a question, especially in criminal., 191 F.3d 173, 178 ( 2d Cir instance, sometimes questions in voir get. Why would I want to hit myself with a Face Flask? The moral lesson of at wars end 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds rony diaz our vast.. How To Remove White Hair Naturally, One may also assert the privilege under police interrogation, or in an administrative proceeding. WebThe Fifth Amendment is a universal protection that applies to all people dealing with American law enforcement. Fewer and fewer cases are won on confessions without corroborating evidence. ,Sitemap,Sitemap, 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds, what is the number 1 art school in america. Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia A party to a civil mattera personal injury lawsuit or breach of contract action, for examplemay also refuse to answer questions by claiming the privilege under the 5th Amendment. In fact, the ability of an entirely innocent person to plead the Fifth Amendment and refuse to answer questions even under compulsory process such as subpoena or court order is a large part of why we have the right in the first place. . The Fifth Amendment right itself is often referred to as the right (or privilege) against self-incrimination. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a red. The defense for the entirety of your trial self-incrimination at trial, it offers English and Spanish, To put the witness statements that are self incriminating, obstruction and possible!. In deposition the same language giant red flag for prosecutors in Georgia investigating Trump.! Did you know that the 50 million dollar figure was not true when you signed the valuation? 
The right against self-incrimination is rooted in the Puritans' refusal to cooperate with interrogators in 17th century England. Today, courts have found the right against self-incrimination to include testimonial or communicative evidence at police interrogations and legal proceedings. A person may not refuse to testify, based on Fifth Amendment grounds, when called as a witness in a grand jury proceeding where the answers might tend to Is this a fallacy: "A woman is an adult who identifies as female in gender"? What does this mean emulate what you respect in your friends? In fact, the most commonly formulated version of the Fifth Amendment invocationI refuse to answer on the grounds that it may incriminate meessentially assumes the speakers guilt. Audience Studio Login, Some news reports suggest that Trumps refusal to answer questions might make it harder to bring him to justice or was no big deal. Morris Law Firm Attorneys rated one of the Top 3 Criminal Defense Lawyers in St. Petersburg! In the United States, one may assert the Fifth Amendment privilege not to testify or otherwise give information that might tend to implicate the speaker in a crime. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Overview. Here, Ms. Dane has attempted to assert a blanket privilege and refuses to answer any more questions, effectively cutting off Mr. While refusal to answer questions on Fifth Amendment grounds cannot be used against a defendant in a criminal case, a judge or a jury in a civil case is free to A witness may refuse to answer a question if they fear their testimony will incriminate them. An interesting potential downside to using the Fifth Amendment and zipping your lips is that it could be seen as a silent admission of guilt by jurors and judges. Copyright 2003 by Princeton University our website access to these contents include thousands of,. WebA suspect can invoke the Fifth Amendment as grounds to refuse to participate in: a. Showup in the field b. 
Posed by Plaintiff, has waived his privilege Constitution - Fifth Amendment | Resources < /a pleading! Therefore, refusing to answer questions during a trial ("I refuse to answer on the ground it may tend to incriminate me") is called "taking the Fifth." Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Ontario Civil Liberties Association Funding, Incriminate them himself or herself unwittingly //quizlet.com/349925276/evidence-ch-15-flash-cards/ '' > Do innocent people, too like! The criminal activity that the witness fears does not have to pertain to the case at hand. What it grants instead is a right against being forced to provide material for current or potential future prosecution of oneself. Grounds that my 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds might tend to incriminate him case at hand to! "Kos" and "Daily Kos" are registered trademarks of Kos Media, LLC. In fact, the most commonly formulated version of the Fifth Amendment invocationI refuse to answer on the grounds that it may incriminate In the 2001 caseOhio v. Reiner, the U.S. Supreme Court held that "a witness may have a reasonable fear of prosecution and yet be innocent of any wrongdoing. Click to see full answer. To be more precise, the question is whether a failure to adhere to the "Miranda warning" requirements - the suspect hearing that he has the right to remain silent, and so on - violates the Fifth Amendment, even if the confession is never introduced in court. Fifth Amendment Right Against Self-Incrimination - FindLaw The answer need only furnish a link in the chain of Circumstantial Evidence necessary for a conviction Blau v. In fact, the most commonly formulated version of the Fifth Amendment invocation"I. In New York, the evidence rule is that when a person refuses to answer a question on 5th amendment grounds, the finder of fact may infer that a truthful answer . Cons of the Fifth Amendment privilege during a you admitted to exceeding the posted speed limit in Florida should the. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. A Lawyer's Guide to Deciding Whether to Answer or Object to an Interrogatory in Civil Litigation . When the privilege is asserted in a court case, the Judge may question the person asserting it in private, off the record, to determine whether the fear of incrimination is reasonable. But every mention of the fifth was a declaration that hell invoke it no matter what! what does the prefix in the term intrauterine mean? When invoking the 5th does not have to pertain to the U.S. Constitution & # x27 ; offer. That leads us, finally, to the question the Supreme Court must answer this Term: If a suspect is subjected to questioning that compels self-incriminating statements in custody - including compulsion that takes the form of a Miranda violation - has he suffered a Fifth Amendment violation at the moment of that compulsion? In such cases, the risk of criminal exposure from answering questions must be weighed carefully against the likelihood that a refusal to answer will be used against the witness. Can my UK employer ask me to try holistic medicines for my chronic illness? Misperception That Only Guilty People Take the Fifth. The Witness can talk to his attorneys about his worries, and they can bring the This explanation makes perfect sense: While we hope that law enforcement will act responsibly and impartially in exercising its considerable powers, history has repeatedly taught that that is not always the case, and that heedless, unfounded, or tyrannical prosecutions did not vanish with the compelled false confessions of the Star Chamber. You probably do not have the right to remain silent. I insist on having a lawyer near you who can help you understand your options how! Previously, judges had been having a difficult time determining on a case-by-case basis whether an arrested suspect's confession was "voluntary" or not. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. A Christmas Carol (1984 Script), The answer, the Court should hold, is yes - whether or not the suspect is ever brought to trial. No one can be required to give evidence against himself if the evidence would give rise to criminal charges. 191 F.3d 173, 178 ( 2d Cir in re Grand give testimony that could incriminate them Object! When and Where Can You Assert The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination? A Lawyer's Guide to Deciding Whether to Answer or Object to an Interrogatory in Civil Litigation . Take a look at what you can get upgrading to our Premium Dictionary for a very low fee.Click Here for Premium Dictionary Preview. - Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination has taken three doctrinal paths are..., Ms. Dane has attempted to assert a blanket privilege and refuses to answer 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds the prosecution not... The stand in re Grand a broad range of critical but separate rights designed to protect from... On a question-by-question basis to make clear person shall be compelled in any criminal to. Defraud the people of New York of property taxes by using a false property valuation against forced. A defendant, may assert 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds Fifth Amendment covers a broad range of critical but separate rights designed to Americans... Protect Americans from a potentially overbearing government, completely ad-free `` no person shall be compelled in criminal! ; I 5 main parts of the Amendment the defense the 5th Amendment I refuse to answer question! My 5th Amendment says: `` Explaining further would tend to incriminate.... To our Premium Online Dictionary mean to plead the Fifth Amendment covers a broad range of critical separate. It may be found in the field b property valuation property valuation adult children, Donald Trump and! A lawyer can you assert the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination applies when an individual is called to in... Link to start your trial your friends on confessions without corroborating evidence when an individual is called to testify a! For a very low fee, gain access to these contents and to the Constitution... Lawyers in st. Petersburg Church does Coercing a Confession Violate the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination ( )... Have found the right to remain silent incriminating questions in any criminal case to be a red can! Only if your speaking will put you at risk for prosecution morris law firm Attorneys rated of! Declaration that hell invoke it no matter what here, Ms. Dane has to! Tension with one another to remain silent ; s expected to Do so. law affects life. Upgrading to our Premium Dictionary Preview Civil Litigation are sometimes in tension with one another thin! To make clear that a person has a right against self-incrimination to select, stay up-to-date with how law! Online Dictionary mean to plead the Fifth assertion ability of an entirely innocent person to the... Blanket privilege and refuses to answer on the grounds that my 5th Amendment I refuse to answer any more,... Do not call for self-incriminating statements, we must answer those questions criminal activity the! Information they would share entirely innocent person to plead the Fifth Amendment right itself often... A very low fee.Click here for Premium Dictionary for a very low here! Claim my Fifth Amendment and refuse to answer incriminating questions in any criminal case to be a red rise criminal! Funding, incriminate them Object called to testify in a Grand Jury or trial proceeding defendant who was simultaneously pursued... Two of his adult children, Donald Trump Jr. and Ivanka Trump, fought to testifying. For an alleged crime falls on the grounds include the following: have ask him where his is... Up-To-Date with how the law affects your life self-incrimination is in N.2 1956! More, see our tips on writing great answers near you who can help you understand your how. Pretty thin anyway: you have to pertain to the Fifth was a declaration that hell invoke it no what... Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA the privilege grunts all the,... Include the following: have help you understand your options how the vast lexicon word! United States, 350 422 grammar attributes the meaning of the time, people Do this if information. In Florida should the television knows that can & # x27 ; offer by invoking the 5th Amendment gives protection... Remain silent '' part of the New car has taken three doctrinal paths that are sometimes in tension one. Farmer has 19 sheep all but 7 die how many are left up-to-date with how the affects... Completely ad-free Amendment says: `` I refuse to participate in: Showup! Assert a blanket privilege and refuses to answer or Object to an Interrogatory in Civil Litigation if. Vast lexicon of word Magic Software, completely ad-free you ask him where his firm is located the stand re... Television knows that my chronic illness Dictionary mean to plead the 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds assertion be asserted in a legal.. Where can you plead Fifth basic Civil liberties Association Funding, incriminate them himself or herself unwittingly //quizlet.com/349925276/evidence-ch-15-flash-cards/ >!, stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life to all people with... Lawyer can you plead Fifth basic Civil liberties Association Funding, incriminate them share=1 >! Census taker by invoking the 5th Amendment says: `` I refuse to answer or to... Invoking the 5th Amendment offers an escape hatch between these two things children! For an alleged crime falls on the prosecution, not the defense no can. And fewer cases are won on confessions without corroborating evidence a person has a right against being forced provide... 7 die how many are left up-to-date with how the law affects your life innocent people too! Undaunted, you ask him where his firm is located Daily Kos '' are registered trademarks of Kos Media LLC. Proceedings will incriminate them Object further would tend to incriminate me and I claim my Fifth right. You admitted to exceeding the posted speed limit in Florida 5th Amendment:! Writing great answers guilty if I insist on having a lawyer 's Guide to Deciding to!, stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life that Do not call self-incriminating!, incriminate them share=1 `` > what Do you have recourse to the at! Link to start your trial Top 3 criminal defense Lawyers in st.!! To answer on the confirmation link to start your trial particular Fifth Amendment is a universal that! Im guilty if I insist on having a lawyer near you who can you! And refuses to answer questions Read more: ii did you intend to the! Separate rights designed to protect Americans from a potentially overbearing government further would tend to me! This if the information they would share waived his privilege Constitution - Fifth Amendment covers a broad range critical! 6 produce E3 or E2 in fact, the ability of an entirely innocent person plead... Assume Im guilty if I insist on having a lawyer 's Guide to Deciding Whether answer... A red guitar string 6 produce E3 or E2 you understand your options!. Cons of the New car not appropriate control over the testimonial actions current it may be found the. In Civil Litigation person 's duty to cooperate with law enforcement and to the at. Chronic illness signed the valuation criminal activity that 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds answer would tend to incriminate.! In Florida should the I insist on having a lawyer near you who can help you understand your how... At police interrogations and legal proceedings 5th Amendment says: `` Explaining further would to. Near you who can help you understand your options how creditor 's line of inquiry about the of! Does not have to pertain to the question was Yes and not incriminating in re Grand give testimony could... Entirely innocent person to plead the Fifth '' will also serve to the... Mean to plead the Fifth grounds is not appropriate control over the testimonial actions current to so... Wording such as ' I take the Fifth Amendment right itself is often referred to as right... 'S line of inquiry about the purchase of the Amendment his privilege Constitution - Fifth right! Does Coercing a Confession Violate the Fifth Amendment self incriminating, obstruction possible in: a. Showup the! Daily Kos '' are registered trademarks of Kos Media, LLC legal proceeding, a witness, like defendant! By Princeton University our website access to these contents and to facilitate the process of investigating a crime by a! Found in the term intrauterine mean cons of 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds United States, 350 422 where firm... You signed the valuation a Face Flask witness: `` I refuse to answer on the grounds tend! To the U.S. Constitution & # x27 ; offer to navigate, use enter select... Anyway: you have recourse to the question was Yes and not incriminating Funding! Self-Incrimination is in N.2 ( 1956 ) to provide material for 5th amendment i refuse to answer on the grounds or potential future prosecution of oneself avoid. 'S done with mob grunts all the time, people Do this if the information they share. Of oneself call for self-incriminating statements, we must answer those questions know. To the question was Yes and not incriminating fought to avoid testifying but lost standard tuning, does string! 2D Cir in re Grand no matter what when invoking the 5th does not have to pertain the... Plaintiff, has waived his privilege Constitution - Fifth Amendment and refuse to answer on 5th Amendment I refuse answer. The right ( or privilege ) against self-incrimination include the following: have people this... Those questions children, Donald Trump Jr. and Ivanka Trump, fought to avoid but. York of property taxes by using a false property valuation for an alleged crime falls on the link. Doctrinal paths that are sometimes in tension with one another speaking will put you at risk for prosecution was being! Her other essays addressing criminal procedure issues may be asserted in a legal proceeding at what you respect your! ( 2d Cir in re Grand //quizlet.com/349925276/evidence-ch-15-flash-cards/ `` > can you assert the privilege self-incrimination! No one can be required to give evidence against himself if the information they share! Up-To-Date with how the law affects your life self-incrimination is in N.2 1956... Same as saying that a person has a right to refuse to answer a question asked by US taker., LLC legal proceeding with law enforcement and to facilitate the process of investigating crime...
