Expectations and the execution of rules concerning the refugees . 22sm. Przemyslu Poland, The State Archive in Rzeszow Archiwum African radio stations ran programs in the Polish language and there waseven a Polish press. Polish underground courts prosecuted traitors and criminals during the war. They were surrounded by dense, wildlife-infested forest. Ukraintsi v Rumunii, Chekhoslovachchyni, Pol'shi, Iuhoslavii. The resulting film, "Memory is our Homeland," won the Audience Award at the Montreal International Film Festival in 2019. Expulsion from Poland - beginning of wandering. [3] Thanks to a remarkable reversal of fortune well over 110,000 Poles, including 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with Anders' Army. In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." By. But those the Soviets only arrested and inprisoned were lucky. They were housed in the Polish Children's Camp located in Pahiatua. pomocy charytatywnej (1948-1949). (16.06.2016), Many European countries want to restrict migration with stricter border controls and more deportations. At the end of 1944, there were 13,364 Polish citizens in three countries of East Africa, of which 6,331 in Tanganyika. Camps: Podlesice Zivilarbeiterlager (public servants In Uganda, the camps were located in Masindi and Koya on Lake Victoria. The Refugee Office of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement. Most of them lived in Uganda and Tanzania (then Tanganyika), a considerable number in Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) and Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia) and some in . centr. Notable for their diversity, the Polish refugees were a mix of Catholics, Protestants and Jews, and several pictures exist of them happily mingling with assorted tribesmen and locals. The family later immigrated to Canada via Iran and Italy. Approximately 90% of them were non-Jewish Poles, with most of the remaining ones Jewish. "It was often their first contactwith whites," he told DW. We were not first the Poles in Africa. READ: How a displaced Polish family found refuge in Tanzania. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. This thesis explores why the camp was built in such a remote area . She hoped we would return to Poland some day. Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates In South Africa alone there were 18 Polish schools with about 1,800 students in attendance. Local resident Barbara arrives with her husband and young son Jan, each carrying . By the end of 1943, 33,000 refugees were transferred from Iran to other countries. It is not only near Poland's 500-kilometre border with Ukraine where citizens are keen to show their solidarity with the refugees. Then a special camp for Polish children was built near the village of Balachadi in Jamnagar, Kathiawar, thanks to help of the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (see also Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees). The soldiers of Anders' army went on to fight in many battles, including the one at Monte Cassino; the civilians, because they could not be repatriated, were forced to remain in foreign lands for the remainder of the war. That the Western Allies knew all about the deportations is clear from their relief efforts in their behalf in the Soviet Union and the Middle East. As elsewhere, kindergartens and grammar schools provided for the educational needs of the youngsters. They went by ship to Dar es Salaam and via Kigoma to Mpulunga on Lake Tanganyika, and subsequently they went in groups to Abercorn by lorry. In mid-1944, East Africa hosted over 13,000 Polish citizens. Elated by this turn of events the far-flung Polish exiles began to make their way as best they could southward, to where Anders' army was forming, in the hope of liberation. Durand's grandmother made it to England in 1949. This meant that all remaining Poles were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports. Ukrainian Catholics and Orthodox in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Awi'tojerska 21sm. The 3,635 Poles were housed in six small villages. A large Polish settlement was also founded in Mexico. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. Language--U. Vinnipeh, 1969. They also kept some small livestock such as chicken. http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_PRZEMYSL_12_WYDANIE_LOTNICZE.jpg However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. their lives even after liberation (over 2,000 refugees died in Iran alone). There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. 8s. "I recognized the hospital and a group of young girls walking toward the camera. The settlements were divided into sections and groups, and the heads of departments of education, pastoral care, health care, culture and work were appointed. After the Polish Army had left the Soviet Union, the attitude of the Soviets towards the remaining Poles worsened. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. If this site was helpful to you, please consider making a donation to keep it going. From 1942 to 1950, nearly twenty thousand Poles found refuge from the horrors of war-torn Europe in camps within Britain's African colonies, including Uganda, Tanganyika, Kenya and Northern and Southern Rhodesia. This bush was cleared by a labour force of 2,000 Ugandans by hand and over a distance of about four kilometres. [1] It can come as a surprise, however, that an Africanist from Germany has authored the first English-language study of the Polish refugee camps in colonial British Africa. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". Despite the fact that in 1918 all Jewish organizations were against the rebirth of Poland, in1926 Poland gave full citizenship to some 700,000 Jewish refugees from USSR ,while at the same time Jewish refugees who escaped to France remained stateless until WWII. In 1938 some 20,000 to 30,000 Jews evicted from Germany were resettled in Poland by Polish authorities On Aug. 22, 1939 Hitler delivered a secret speech in which he stated that the complete destruction of Poland and especially its population was his primary target. The second camp was established at Koja in Mukuno district about 100 kilometres east of Kampala, the Ugandan capital and about 35 kilometres from Mukono railway station. Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939-1945, the Germans murdered 3,900,000 to 6,400,000 Poles, probably about 5,400,000, including near 3,000,000 Jews.7, According to the German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims, 9,575,000 Germans lived in these eastern territories in 1939 10 (about 15 percent of Germany's population). In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). But more stable settlements also emerged such as those in Balachadi, near the city of Jamnagar, and in Valivade, near Kolhapur. While Gen. Anders' troops were subsequently transferred to Palestine and from there to Iraq, the civilians remained in Iran. About one third of the civilians were children. During and afterWorld War II, his Polish grandmother Kazia Gerech had lived in a refugee camp in what is present-day Tanzania the stories of her childhood near the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro had burned into his soul. donation. With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War II. Many were in Warsaw during the brutal German air and land bombardment, the majority have lost husbands, parents, or other relatives. You can change the settings of your browser at any time. The contract was Ursus' third deal in Africa, a market that many Polish entrepreneurs are looking to boost. Fifteen Polish schools were eventually founded in Lebanon as well as a small Polish library consisting of some 500 Polish books and additional volumes in other languages. In Uganda they were laid to rest at Nyabyeya in Masindi; Bombo in Luwero district, and Entebbe, according to records at the Uganda National Archives. Shvaipol't Fiol'.24sm. Panstwowe w Rzeszowie From Persia half of them were deported to East and Southern Africa. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. In smaller camps, there was much more reaching out to the local communities on the part of the Poles., READ: Tengeru: A long lost Polish history. Pages available in the www.gov.pl domain may contain e-mail addresses. This has fueled speculation that the U.S. government helped cover up Soviet responsibility for the massacre out of fear that saying the truth would anger Stalin, whom the Allies were counting on to help them defeat Germany and Japan in World War II. Trukhan, Myroslav. They were coming from the Middle East. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. It lasted until 16 January 1943, at which point it was effectively revoked. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. Northern Rhodesia 3.1. Ukrainian Studies Fund. Crime was rampant inside and outside ghettos. 35-959 Rzeszw Some of the women, however, became understandably worried at the thought of life in Africa. The refugees had arrived in groups and they also left in groups at different times. Lesiv, Mykhailo. The refugees arrived on African shores in two stages. Finally, 733 Polish children with their 105 caretakers arrived in New Zealand on November 1, 1944. The Poles in Africa were mostly disappointed with the result of the conference in Yalta, which led to the dependency of eastern Poland to the regime of Joseph Stalin, and they did not want to return to Poland ruled by communists controlled by the authorities in Moscow. A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. 1 November 1944. World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn camp in Northern Rhodesia. Abercorn camp 4.1. Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the 1940s, as the Second World War raged in Europe. Language--P. Varshava, 1990. Hankiewicza 1 In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. [17] Despite political instability and famine in Iran at that time, Polish refugees were welcomed by the smiles and generosity of the Iranian people. Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. This agreement was signed on July 30 1941 and enabled all Polish people to be freed for the purpose of forming an Army and help Stalin fight Hitler. Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. Information onsurname meaning, frequency, and distribution in Poland. July 30, 1941, provided for the release of all Poles in Soviet exile as Of all the research Durand undertook, one discovery made a great impression. By the end of 1945, another 4,300 were evacuated to Lebanon; by 1946, that number rose to 6,000. Due to financial reasons, it was decided to limit the number of Polish settlements, leaving only two in Tengeru (Tanganyika) and Koja (Uganda). Check with Polish Archives for birth records, Polish army records. Within a few weeks, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Altogether, in 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish refugees in the Near East.[12]. 00-202 Warszawa The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death.[21]. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. At that time, the Poles were the largest minority of European origin in East Africa. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/01/08/world/europe/ap-eu-poland-katyn-massacre.html?emc=eta1&_r=0, Then there were the Soviet deportations. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. They deported hundreds of thousands of Poles, including many Jews, in four waves to forced labor camps in remote Russian regions such as Siberia and Kazakhstan. Malaria killed many of the refugees and many more also suffered from amoebic dysentery. his evil empire. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. The date is May 2000 and it comes Ukrainian Although provisions were made to resettle several thousand Poles in that country, only two transports arrived in the summer and fall of 1943 with a total of 1,432 refugees. Show more. She was a young girl so her stories were quite magical: That they swung from vines, had confrontations with boa constrictors and that actually [the camps] were mud huts. Czechs grandmother, two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also housed in the displaced persons camps in Nairobi and Mombasa. from Canada There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. itd. t.208. Following the official closure of the internment camps and refugee settlements after the war in 1946-47, the country inherited the present Vengere Township in Rusape,4 Diggleford School The dead were buried at various graveyards in East and Southern Africa. In the first stage, more than 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children left Krasnovodsk (Turkmen SSR, present-day Turkmenistan) by sea for Bandar Pahlavi. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European countries, including Poland, into German and Soviet spheres of interest. After the end of WWII in September 1945, the African host countries pushed to get rid of the Polish refugees. Because From Poland, over Russia and Iran, to Africa. 1,400 people arrived on board ship, then they were transported to Dar es Salaam. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (it had 4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. Military Archives in Warsaw by Polish, British, American, and Iranian authorities soon improved their (01.02.2019). There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. By clicking an e-mail address provided as a link, you consent to the processing of your data (e-mail address and other data provided on a voluntary basis in the message) in order for the recipient to send a response to the submitted questions. My mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa in Mexico. Dluga 7 On August 1, 1946, the financial responsibility for the maintenance of Polish settlements was taken over by the United Nations Administration for Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and from July 1947 by the International Refugees Organization (IRO). A family carrying their belongings walks at the border crossing between Poland and Ukraine in Medyka, Poland, Feb. 24, 2022, after Russian President Vladimir Putin authorized an invasion of Ukraine. ; ; ; [][][]; (); 1/2; Unlike elsewhere, upon graduation the teens were placed either in schools operated by religious orders or in technical colleges. . z Wac?awem Potockim w Montresor, "That's when I started my research," recalls Durand. [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. This number does not include those shot for failing or straying out of line during deportation, or disobeying an Both Soviet authorities and citizens of the country claimed that since the Polish Army did not fight the Germans, Poles were not entitled to any privileges. Father Waclaw Zajaczkowski even He was assisted by the camp manager appointed by the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. Earlier, already in September 1941, the Polish government decided to set up consulates in Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda as well as in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. But Iran proved unable to care for such large numbers of refugees, causing the British government to move Polish civilians to other British colonies. "It was a friendly existence, side by side," she told DW. camp) Poland, Archives: The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. Children were the vast majority of the refugees. The second world war was not fought to save the Jews. Several scout groups, schools, training centers, a Women's Auxiliary Service, and an Officers' Legion were established. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. No doubt "Uncle Joe"(Joe Stalin) homo sovieticus barbarosus incarnate must have been grateful to the Western Allies for their conspiracy of silence, for preserving the "good name" of These exiles found temporary refuge in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, Mexico and British East and Southern Africa. Western Poland during the massive population exchanges following A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. found out about the arrival of the transport they rallied around the exiles From 1942 to 1949, Gerech lived with her siblings and parents in a simple thatched hut in Tengeru in what was then the British-administered territory of Tanganyika (now Tanzania). At its peak, Koja accommodated around 3,000 Polish refugees. A Polish publication estimated that 556,000 Germans and Poles died in these territories from all causes during this period.30 The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims calculated the loss from 1945 to 1950 as 1,225,000 for Germany's eastern territories.31 The German Statistisches Bundesamt in Wiesbaden put the number at 1,339,000 for just the former eastern territories32 Weighing a variety of such estimates, I calculate the dead for the eastern territories and old Poland as 415,000 to almost 3,100,000, probably around 1,600,000 Reich and ethnic Germans, as given in Table 12.1. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. When they arrived they . Language--E. Cambridge, MA, 1988. The refugees finally left Iran after a few months, and were transported to a number of countries, such as Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, India, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Mexico. And from 1939 to 1941, they deported en mass about 1,6000,000 Poles, including 400,000 Jews. For two years, freight trains ferried entire Polish families across the greater Kresy region to Kazakhstan and luckily, over 110,000 Poles among them 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with the Polish forces. Some of them went on to emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia. The arrival of the Polish 4.3 . They were provided with refreshments and not a few of the refugees were in tears when the train steamed out. 37-700 Przemysl History and implementation 4.2. Metiuk, Hryhorii. To accommodate the refugees, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan. Records Historian Erik Lindner takes a long look back to discover answers to this question. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. Ul. Another report that Van Vliet made a few days later in Washington is considered missing. On January 16, 1943, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs issued a note to the Polish embassy, informing it about closing down Polish consulates in the Soviet Union and voiding the decision of granting Polish citizenship to the people who had lived in the Kresy before September 1939. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . In addition, your use of our website is tantamount to your consent to the processing of your personal data provided by electronic means. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The first contingents of Polish refugees in World War Two 3.3. concerns and construction projects in Southern Rhodesia. Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. It is no longer just a footnote in history. unfortunate term "amnesty" (the word should have been "manumission" or "emancipation") to characterize the release of the exiles; they were Stalin's bargaining chip in the contest for the status quo ante borders of Poland. It took a while for Durand to understand why Africa seemed so familiar to him. They are ignoring the benefits migration can bring, says Ghanaian migration expert Stephen Adaawen. Zustrichi. Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. ul. Eventually, they found the area fertile enough to start their own farms growing bananas, pineapples, maize, tomatoes and sunflowers. 492s. centr. 02-103 Warszawa There were many babies in arms in the party and several women of 70 or more. 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