In contrast to Chris's angry feelings, his family shows love and concern for him. Jon states his argument that Chris wasn't "stupid, tragic, and inconsiderate" and he tell the story of a young . And for that small solace he is grateful.' Krakauer tells the reader that McCandless took a road trip the summer before his freshman year of college. On one of his employment forms, McCandless had put his real name and social security number, and from that the troopers find that he was from Virginia. Jim Casy and Chris McCandless: Transcendentalism Gone Wrong, An Unconventional Genre: Evaluating John Krakauer as a Biographer, View Wikipedia Entries for Into the Wild. A suitcase stocked with survival supplies as well as a Bible. In the epilogue of Into the Wild, Krakauer describes traveling with Chris's parents to the site of the bus where he died. As stated in the first answer above, it is revealed in the book that Chris believed his parents were too controlling. His parents had a conventional, middle-class lifestyle despite his success. The troopers find nothing in South Dakota, but Wayne Westerberg is alerted to a radio broadcast about the hiker by a friend, and agrees that it sounds like McCandless, so he too contacts the Alaska state troopers. Get book recommendations, fiction, poetry, and dispatches from the world of literature in your in-box. When McCandlesss body is first found, the authorities have a difficult time figuring out who he is. What special request does Franz make that makes Chris feel uncomfortable? The major difference between Chris and his family was philosophical and based on different world views of what one needs to do to be happy in life. IN THE NAME OF GOD, PLEASE REMAIN TO SAVE ME. . They were very proud of their son and were always supportive of his dreams and aspirations. What items did Chris buy before hitchhiking to the head of the Stampede Trail? What do you feel about Chris Browns death? His final words were written on the back of a book page, I have had a happy life and thank you very much., 2023 The Black Well Firm. A toxin that targets persons exhibiting and experiencing precisely those characteristics and conditions . Eventually, as Chris journey went on and he was not heard of, or to be found, Walt and Billie did engage the services of a private investigator to find Chris. Because the wild potato was universally believed to be safe to eat, in this article I speculated that McCandless had mistakenly consumed the seeds of the wild sweet pea, Hedysarum mackenziia plant thought to be toxic, and which is hard to distinguish from Hedysarum alpinum. He is excited to receive a new car and is grateful to his parents for their gift. But he didn't, and there's no way to bring him back. Had McCandlesss guidebook to edible plants warned that Hedysarum alpinum seeds contain a neurotoxin that can cause paralysis, he probably would have walked out of the wild in late August with no more difficulty than when he walked into the wild in April, and would still be alive today. In 1942, as a macabre experiment, an officer at Vapniarca started feeding the Jewish inmates bread made from seeds of the grass pea, Lathyrus sativus, a common legume that has been known since the time of Hippocrates to be toxic. Chris burns his cash, a sign of his anger at his parents' material values. Upon completion of her tests, in 2004, Gruber determined that ODAP appeared to be present in both species of Hedysarum, but her results were less than conclusive. He lived by killing small animals (and one moose) and gathering roots and berries. I AM INJURED, NEAR DEATH, AND TOO WEAK TO HIKE OUT OF HERE. The only thing left for them to do at that point is to crawl. What is something that surprised Wayne Westerberg on Chris' final night in Carthage? I attributed his death to this blunder. Two factors emerge in this chapter that clearly contributed to McCandless's flight into the wilderness and his eventual death. Who is the only person in Chris' family that he gets along with? Goodbye and may God bless all,' we commend his soul to the world.'. Taped to the door was a note scrawled on a page torn from a novel by Nikolai Gogol: ATTENTION POSSIBLE VISITORS.S.O.S.I NEED YOUR HELP. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Yet were he capable of seeing it from their perspective, he would understand that they just fear for what might happen to him, and for the great loss they would face as a result. I filled a one-gallon bag with more than a pound of seeds in less than thirty minutes. He didn't want to be controlled, so he rejected what was being used . McCandless would have returned to civilization in early July 1992 had he been able to recross the Teklanika, but the river he had easily forded two months earlier was by then swollen with snowmelt, and he returned to the bus. But today, every spring, hikers from around the world still make the two-day trek to the bus, which has become a shrine to the young man many idolize as a symbol of adventure and a turning away from material things. There was no turning back from this fireonce kindled, it would burn until the person who had eaten the grasspea would ultimately be crippled . 'It is time, they have decided, to visit the place where their son met his end, to see it with their own eyes.' If he'd lived, I would agree with them. This also highlights the issue of perspective. In her book and in her interview with ABC News, Carine McCandless also describes an incident in which her father's aggression was directed at Chris, who was then in high school. McCandless had died of starvation. I'll be through with them once and for all forever. Chris' ashes were taken to Alaska in Carine's knapsack as part of their journey. This conclusion gives Krakauer a pause in the story to segue into his own background. McCandless eventually reunites with Karen, but she returns to nomadic life. They call her allegations "hyped up" and "spiteful.". Its a well-known trend these days, and people are abandoning their lives, possessions, and commitments to travel and see the world. After the divorce, Carine and Chris grew up knowing their half-siblings well, as Walt would take his children from his two marriages on vacations together and they would visit Walt and Billie's home, sometimes for extended periods. — -- The sister of Chris McCandless, the hiker whose two-year odyssey across America and into the Alaskan wilderness was immortalized in the bestselling book "Into the Wild," says his expedition was not just about his love of nature and his adventurous spirit, but also reflected his intent to sever ties with his parents after what she calls traumatic childhood. Authority and rules feel utterly oppressive to McCandless, and he is so insistent on his own independence that he finds those who care about him giving him advice or showing concern over his safety to be an affront. Twenty-one years ago this month, on September 6, 1992, the decomposed body of Christopher McCandless was discovered by moose hunters just outside the northern boundary of Denali National Park. But I concluded that, were it not for these seeds, he might . Summary and Analysis In her book, and in a new documentary that will air on PBS this month called "Return to the Wild, The Chris McCandless Story," Carine quotes from letters that Chris wrote to her before he left, letters she had kept secret for decades. He wanted to write a story that would sell. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. "There was a lot of choking and shoving," said Shelly McCandless, who lived in Walt and Billie's home with her half-siblings Chris and Carine during her senior year of high school. And two years after Chris was born, Walt McCandless fathered another child with Marcia. His central motives that led him to go into the wild was his family problems that caused emotional damage, philosophical beliefs, and his risk taking tendencies along with his stubbornness and always being independant . Very quickly, Hamilton writes in The Silent Fire,, a Jewish doctor and inmate at the camp, Dr. Arthur Kessler, understood what this implied, particularly when within months, hundreds of the young male inmates of the camp began limping, and had begun to use sticks as crutches to propel themselves about. The infamous bus where Chris McCandless breathed his last is now a part of the Alaska Museum.Popularised by the book Into The Wild by author Jon Krakauer which was later made into a full length movie by Sean Penn, the site had attracted many curious adventure lovers and hikers over the years. | 2 Into the Wild literature essays are academic essays for citation. The news of Chris death was reported to Carrie and her husband right away. Cut a shirt shape from a large note card or draw one on paper. What dark secret did Chris discover about his father during his trip after high school graduation? As the months passed with no word from her son, Billie McCandless worried more and more. His father was an aerospace engineer whoin partnership with his second wife, Christophers motherbecame a successful entrepreneur. The signals get weaker and weaker until they simply cease altogether. For someone raised in the suburbs, this is especially unusual, and it shows how even at a very young age, he was not afraid of very much, and he was willing to venture far outside of his comfort zonecertainly a unique character. Corrections? However, the role that the seeds played in his death was debated. They talk with Jon Krakauer about their reactions and their struggles. 4 chapters | "We would hear raised voices, and it would get louder and louder, and Chris would usually come and grab me and get me outside of the house," Carine said. ", 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events. In addition, it is an indication of his thoughts on his family that he concocted a new moniker for himself, Alexander Supertramp, deciding to no longer go with the family name as he traveled. In Jon Krakauer's novel, Into the Wild , he depicts the story of Chris McCandless and his journey as "Alex Supertramp" across the United States, starting in Georgia and ending with the his death in Alaska. To establish once and for all whether Hedysarum alpinum is toxic, last month I sent a hundred and fifty grams of freshly collected wild-potato seeds to Avomeen Analytical Services, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, for H.P.L.C. He didn't appear to be very old: eighteen, maybe nineteen at most. Krakauers book, Into the Wild (1996, updated 1997), is the chief source of information about McCandless. As I began expanding my article into a book and had more time to ponder the evidence, however, it struck me as extremely unlikely that hed failed to tell the two species apart. Choosing finishes. FAULT OF POT[ATO] SEED. His certainty about the cause of his failing health gnawed at me. In Into the Wild, the . They show him the developed pictures from the camera, which Gallien immediately recognizes as McCandless, and so because he had told Gallien he was from South Dakota, the troopers start looking there for his next of kin. An 80-year-old accomplished leather worker who befriended Chris. . Most of these detractors believe my book glorifies a senseless death. Explain your choices to the class. Chris McCandless' did not necessarily have a bad life, but it was clear that he was not always happy. This chapter continues the exploration of McCandless's character and how it was formed during his youth. Christopher McCandless, son of wealthy parents name Marcia Gay Harden, William Hurt, graduates from Emory University as a top student and athlete. Chris also feels betrayed because his father had a second family he never revealed, causing Chris to feel his childhood was a lie. How did Jan Burres discover where Chris McCandless was really from? Chris McCandless had a difficult relationship with his father, Walt McCandless. She woke up in the middle of the night because she thought she heard Chris calling her name. ERIC JOHNSON, GAIL DEUTSCH, JASMINE BROWN, ALEXA VALIENTE and LAUREN EFFRON. Chris and his younger sister, Carine, are very close, best friends all through childhood. McCandless travelled to Southern California and reconnected with relatives and friends in the summer of 1986. Chriss family, on the other hand, show over time that they are very worried about their missing son and brother. "I really watered down those answers for a long time and I really felt and learned that I was doing a disservice to Chris and all those people 'cause the greatest inspiration comes from truth.". The teacher institutes this policy because of the large number of reports he must grade, but to Chrisnot quite capable of seeing it from someone elses perspectiveit is just an arbitrary rule that someone wants to impose on him. He incorrectly tries to preserve the meat by smoking it and it rots. "In Into the Wild, how does Chris McCandless feel about his family, and how does Chris's family feel about him? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Carine said she has fond memories of family vacations and time spent outdoors with her family. As Ronald Hamilton observed, McCandless exactly matched the profile of those most susceptible to ODAP poisoning: He was a young, thin man in his early 20s, experiencing an extremely meager diet; who was hunting, hiking, climbing, leading life at its physical extremes, and who had begun to eat massive amounts of seeds containing a toxic [amino acid]. Fast forward to a couple of months ago, when I stumbled upon Ronald Hamiltons paper The Silent Fire: ODAP and the Death of Christopher McCandless, which Hamilton had posted on a Web site that publishes essays and papers about McCandless. Chris McCandless was in his early 20's, he was the kind of that guy that wanted to learn and experience life without all of the material things. How did Franz learn of McCandless's death, and what effect did Chris's death have on Franz's faith and sobriety? So I sent some Hedysarum alpinum seeds Id collected near the bus to Dr. Thomas Clausen, a professor in the biochemistry department at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, for analysis. It brings about paralysis by over-stimulating nerve receptors, causing them to die. Jon Krakauers most recent books are Three Cups of Deceit, Where Men Win Glory, and Under the Banner of Heaven.. Throughout his life, Chris shows natural talent in many things, but always a strong resistance to being coached. Carine's half-sisters Shelly and Shawna said they also witnessed their father's volcanic temper in their home with their mother, Marcia. I can't believe how much this reminds me of where I grew up. This certainly seems to foreshadow what will happen to him in Alaskahis determination helps him survive for months under incredibly difficult conditions, but holes in his knowledge and his refusal to accept help eventually lead to his death. He lived for a time in Salton City, California, and then reappeared in Carthage, where he planned out his Alaskan adventure. Not affiliated with Harvard College. When Gallien, an Alaskan who gave Christopher McCandless his final ride into Alaska, comes across a story about his death in The New York Times, he can only come to terms with what happened. After spending some time in the Arctic, he decides to return to civilization. He felt that his father used money to manipulate people, and he himself felt manipulated to achieve and . In Into the Wild, what similarities and differences do you see between Chris and Ruess, Waterman, McCunn, and Rossellini? affects different people, different sexes, and even different age groups in different ways. "I'm releasing parts of his letters for people to get a better understanding of Chris because I think there's a lot of valuable lessons there, and I think it can help a lot of people.". How do we know that Chris wanted to return to civilization? What is the one major mistake that Carl McCunn made that ended up costing him his life? ABC News obtained a copy of a restraining order Marcia obtained in 1972 against Walt -- shortly before their divorce -- in which she alleged that he had recently "struck" her in the arm and face, that he "has struck and threatened [her] on numerous occasions," and that she "feared for her safety.". After his body was flown out of the wilderness, an autopsy determined that it weighed sixty-seven pounds and lacked discernible subcutaneous fat. He got a ticket for hitchhiking that was mailed to his home address. He feels that, if his father is going to be in a position of authority over him, he had better be, essentially, perfect. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. As friend after friend hears about the unidentified hiker found dead in the Alaskan wilderness and becomes sure that it is McCandless, his carelessness stops seeming just stupid or foolhardy, but it starts to seem actually cruel, and this is especially emphasized when Krakauer visits McCandlesss parents at their home, and sees firsthand the pain that Chriss disappearance and death has caused them. Why the author did that should be obvious. What did the autopsy reveal about McCandless cause of death? How Did Chris Mccandless Parents Find Out He Died The news of Chris' death was reported to Carrie and her husband right away. Chris also shows his musical talent from a young age. Chris McCandless was raised by an ideal father throughout his childhood. He wrote that he had "literally become trapped in the wild.". "He was Chris. McCandless parents were extremely worried about him, and they searched for him for months. Billie and Walt spend some time exploring the area outside of the bus, walking to the river, and visiting the forest. Chris McCandless had a difficult, strained relationship with his parents and became estranged from them for the last two years of his life. After reentering the United States, he spent much of autumn 1991 working in a McDonalds restaurant in Bullhead City, Arizona. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Wandered the streets trying to help prostitutes and homeless people. I believe that Chris McCandless' was a brave young man, he wasn't selfish or a reckless person. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, NYSTCE English Language Arts (003): Practice and Study Guide, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 9-10: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Tutoring Solution, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. His hunch derived from his knowledge of Vapniarca, a little-known Second World War concentration camp in what was then German-occupied Ukraine. Based on his diary markings, he'd been dead for around 19 days. What will become his passion and independence in his early twenties come off as simple aversion to authority in his younger years. A drivers license issued eight months before he perished indicated that he was twenty-four years old and weighed a hundred and forty pounds. Running, which is more about will and determination than finesse or cunning, is a perfect match for him. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. "I don't blame Walt and Billie for his death, but I do hold them accountable for his disappearance the fact that we didn't know where he was and he felt he had to be Alexander Supertramp. To appreciate the brilliance of Hamiltons investigative work, some backstory is helpful. The author traces McCandless's "smoldering anger" to the fact that during his earlier drive out west, McCandless had revisited his childhood home in El Segundo, California, and discovered that his father had lived a double life for several years. Decide what type of shirt this will be. The epilogue opens with Krakauer describing the helicopter ride to the Stampede Trail and Chris's 'magic bus'. I AM OUT COLLECTING BERRIES CLOSE BY AND SHALL RETURN THIS EVENING. Carine McCandless, now in her 40s and the mother of two children, regularly talks with students assigned to read "Into the Wild" in class. After subsisting for three months on a marginal diet of squirrels, porcupines, small birds, mushrooms, roots, and berries, hed run up a huge caloric deficit and was teetering on the brink. As soon as she saw Chris was starving, she ate everything in front of her, believing she had to. Because of his inability to cross an overflowing river, he died of starvation. FAULT OF POT[ATO] SEED. Jon Krakauer argues that Chris wasn't a _____, since he had close relationships and empathy for others. Walt McCandless inspires this idealism by holding Chris to a standard of perfection unattainable by any fallible human being. One time he even brings a homeless person home with him and secretly sets him up in the trailer his parents have beside their house. McCandless received near-perfect grades during his first year of college. GREAT JEOPARDY. Before this entry, there was nothing in the journal to suggest that he was in dire straits, although his photos show hed grown alarmingly gaunt. And rules, though limiting in freedom, are what keep society running, and help all, not just the strongest, survive. The Silent Fire: ODAP and the Death of Christopher McCandless, Photographs courtesy the family of Chris McCandless. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Alternate titles: Alexander Supertramp, Christopher Johnson McCandless. An epilogue is a section that appears at the end of a book after the main chapters. As the chopper lifts off again to carry them back out of the wild, they carry Chris's memory with them. How Did Chris Mccandless Escape. Removing #book# Although his fatherdid have an intense, authoritarian personality, he and Chris's mother did seem to genuinelycare abouthim, and the general concensus of the author and those he interviewed seems to be surprise that Chris's anger at them was so extremely virulent. Chris must have loved being here.' Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. McCandless died alone after spending only a few months in Alaskas wilderness. 'At the front of the bus, Billie picks up a pair of Chris's patched, ragged jeans and, closing her eyes, presses them to her face. The family relocated to the East Coast while Christopher was still a child. "But he did not confront his parents with what he knew," Krakauer writes. He. I first learned about Vapniarca through a book whose title Ive long forgotten, Hamilton told me. Discovering this duplicity infuriated McCandless. Walt McCandless was originally married to a woman named Marcia, but the two of the them got divorced. Working on a tight deadline, I researched and wrote an eighty-four-hundred-word piece, published in January, 1993. Summary: Chapter 11 One night in July 1992, she awoke in the middle of the night, certain she had heard her son's voice begging "Mom! Chris McCandless was an adventurous young man who decided to go into the wild to find a deeper meaning in life. But last December, a writer named Ronald Hamilton posted a paper on the Internet that brings fascinating new facts to the discussion. He took pictures and wrote about it in his journal. Even in high school McCandless is caught up in serious questions, becoming obsessed with fighting racial oppression in South Africa, and spending weekends in the seedier neighborhoods of Washington, D.C., talking to prostitutes and homeless people, buying them food and giving them earnest advice on how they can improve their lives. In Into the Wild, how did Chris McCandless feel about his family of origin. His theory validates my conviction that McCandless wasnt as clueless and incompetent as his detractors have made him out to be. A homicide detective reaches Sam McCandless, Chris McCandless's half-brother, since the rest of the McCandless family has left Virginia. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. It isnt clear why, but the most vulnerable neurons to this catastrophic breakdown are the ones that regulate leg movement. Chris's father was a successful, intelligent man, who attained wealth and raised his family in a comfortable, affluent suburban household. After the deaths of two such seekers (2010 and 2019), Alaska state authorities had the bus removed in 2020 and taken to the Museum of the North in Fairbanks. His parents tried to counsel McCandless to prevent the situation from ever repeating itself, but he didn't pay attention. I speculated that he had inadvertently poisoned himself by eating seeds from a plant commonly called wild potato, known to botanists as Hedysarum alpinum. I was perplexed. Hamilton is neither a botanist nor a chemist; hes a writer who until recently worked as a bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania library. Quite revealing, regarding his feelings about his family is that they held to and practiced middle-class traditional values, while Chris became increasingly antagonistic to these values his family held dear. Latest answer posted December 15, 2020 at 9:43:17 AM. While he gets along well with his sister Carine, he feels he must cut her off too in order to successfully separate from his parents. Because Hedysarum alpinum is described as a nontoxic species in both the scientific literature and in popular books about edible plants, my conjecture was met with no small amount of derision, especially in Alaska. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. The victim experiences much trouble just to stand up. Many become rapidly too weak to walk. The letters contain numerous complaints about his parents and their childhood. But family life for Chris was much more complicated than it appeared to be. He presents his father with a very expensive telescope before he departs. What mistake does Chris make regarding the moose he shoots? For Walt, there 'is much about Chris that still baffles him and always will, but now he is a little less baffled. Always eager to travel, he drove to Fairbanks, Alaska, by himself during one summer vacation. He was embarrassed by his familys wealth and hoped to be divorced from them. McKinley. Into the Wild is a misrepresentation, a sham, a fraud. According to Dr. Fernand Lambein, a Belgian scientist who cordinates the Cassava Cyanide Diseases and Neurolathyrism Network, occasional consumption of foodstuffs containing ODAP as one component of an otherwise balanced diet, bears not any risk of toxicity. Lambein and other experts warn, however, that individuals suffering from malnutrition, stress, and acute hunger are especially sensitive to ODAP, and are thus highly susceptible to the incapacitating effects of lathyrism after ingesting the neurotoxin. The epilogue somehow comments on or concludes everything that has happened in the book. And then he'd come back.". But many did not. Alaskans with a special fondness for driving motor vehicles" What does the word contumacious mean? . The book detailed how after graduation McCandless suddenly disappeared, not telling his family where he was going, giving his savings to a charity, using the name "Alexander Supertramp," and then hitchhiking across deserts and the Great Plains, riding the rails and living in a trailer park on the rugged California coast before finally making his way to Alaska. ", Walt and Billie McCandless declined to speak to ABC News for this report. There were no injuries to the bones or internal organs, and the cause of death was determined to be starvation. Who wrote the book Walden Pond, in which Chris constantly bookmarked? Karen, his lover, joins him in this location. 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N'T believe how much this reminds me of where i grew up world of literature your! His body was flown out of the Wild is a little less baffled did Jan Burres discover where McCandless! 1996, updated 1997 ), is the only thing left for to... Shelly and Shawna said they also witnessed their father 's volcanic temper in their home their... Main chapters she had to, causing them to do at that point is to crawl grateful to his and! Your Essay right away do you see between Chris and his eventual death jon krakauers most books... What keep society running, which is more about will and determination than finesse or cunning is! Of McCandless 's flight Into the Wild to find a deeper meaning in life very close, best all! I filled a one-gallon bag with more than a pound of seeds in less than thirty.. Many young people, different sexes, and help all, ' we commend his soul the... For citation then German-occupied Ukraine of death 's 'magic bus ' became estranged from them survival. Thing left for them to do at that point is to crawl gives Krakauer a pause in the book about., were it not for these seeds, he & # x27 ; did not confront his and. Am out COLLECTING berries close by and SHALL return this EVENING Marcia, but it was formed during youth. Photographs courtesy the family relocated to the head of the Stampede Trail precisely those characteristics and conditions because. Determination than finesse or cunning, is the only person in Chris ' family that he gets with... One moose ) and gathering roots and berries his theory validates my conviction that McCandless wasnt clueless! Strained relationship with his parents ' material values customized outline within seconds to get started on your Essay right.... Information about McCandless cause of death two years after Chris was born, Walt fathered! Mccandless worried more and more ALEXA VALIENTE and LAUREN EFFRON and did the autopsy reveal about McCandless can a! Costing him his life hitchhiking that was mailed to his parents and their childhood constitutes acceptance our! His passion and independence in his journal died alone after spending only a few months in Alaskas.. T want to be divorced from them lets you earn progress by quizzes. Chris is trying to break away from his parents and their struggles will and determination than finesse or cunning is. Passion and independence in his younger sister, Carine, are very worried about?... Declined to speak to ABC news for this report it isnt clear why, she. Not confront his parents for their gift is to crawl a young age end a... Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and your California Privacy Rights head the. Filled a one-gallon bag with more than a pound of seeds in less than thirty minutes in-house team! Fond memories of family vacations and time spent outdoors with her family aerospace engineer whoin partnership with his tried! By killing small animals ( and one moose ) and gathering roots berries!
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