Once finally declared, the War of the Spanish Succession lasted almost until Louis's death, at great cost to him and France. [43] In 1699, Louis once again received a Moroccan ambassador, Abdallah bin Aisha, and in 1715, he received a Persian embassy led by Mohammad Reza Beg. He also commissioned "war artists" to follow him on campaigns to document his military triumphs. No further churches were to be constructed, and those already existing were to be demolished. [18] "In one sense, Louis' childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if King Louis were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Robertian, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house. Louis' relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time. He also attracted, supported and patronized such artists as André Charles Boulle, who revolutionised marquetry with his art of inlay, today known as "Boulle Work". French diplomacy secured Bavaria, Portugal, and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.[83]. Louis instituted reforms in military administration through Michel le Tellier and the latter's son François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois. The Dutch captured Pondichéry in 1693, but a 1697 French raid on the Spanish treasure port of Cartagena, Spain, yielded a fortune of 10,000,000 livres. The memoirist Saint-Simon, who claimed that Louis slighted him, criticised him thus: There was nothing he liked so much as flattery, or, to put it more plainly, adulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it. After striking a deal with her old friend Marie de Rohan, who was able to impose the nomination of Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf as minister of justice, Anne arrested Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and the husband of their sister Anne Genevieve de Bourbon, duchess of Longueville. This was a step toward equality before the law and toward sound public finance, but so many concessions and exemptions were won by nobles and bourgeois that the reform lost much of its value.[26]. Additionally, Mazarin's relations with Marie Mancini were not good, and he did not trust her to support his position. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects. In 1661, the treasury verged on bankruptcy. Those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now to be baptised forcibly into the established church. Anne wanted to give her son absolute authority and a victorious kingdom. In their place, he raised commoners or the more recently ennobled bureaucratic aristocracy (the "nobility of the robe"). But attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood. The duo allowed the Palatinate and Austria to occupy Bavaria after their victory at the Battle of Blenheim. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that Louis' public image in most of Europe, especially in Protestant regions, was dealt a severe blow. Legitimised on 20 December 1673. European apprehension at growing French might and the realisation of the extent of the dragonnades' effect (discussed below) led many states to abandon their alliance with France. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. [30] Mazarin and Lionne, however, made the renunciation conditional on the full payment of a Spanish dowry of 500,000 écus. Only poverty-stricken Russia exceeded it in population, and no one could match its wealth, central location, and very strong professional army. Though not necessarily opposed to Spain, she sought to end the war with a French victory, in order to establish a lasting peace between the Catholic nations. Burgundy's elder son, Louis, Duke of Brittany, joined them a few weeks later. J.H. Conversely, the princess was clearly entitled to a division of the family's personal property. [81] He confirmed that Philip V retained his French rights despite his new Spanish position. WhileCardinal Mazarin was in exile, Louis' trust in Colbert grew. Louis XIV built the extravagant Palace of Versailles. Maria Theresa died in 1683, whereupon Louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion. Domestically, he successfully increased the influence of the crown and its authority over the church and aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute monarchy in France. [66], In light of his foreign and domestic policies during the early 1680s, which were perceived as aggressive, Louis's actions, fostered by the succession crises of the late 1680s, created concern and alarm in much of Europe. Two days before his death on March 9th, 1661, Cardinal Mazarin summoned the leading Ministers of state, Michel le Tellier, Hugues de Lionne and Nicolas Foucquet, to commend them to the young King in whose name he had ruled for nearly eighteen years. The members of that council were called ministers of state. Until he reached maturity in 1723, his kingdom was ruled by Philippe d’Orléans, Duke of Orléans as Regent of France, and Cardinal Fleury was his chief minister from 1726 until 1743. Louis also renovated and improved the Louvre and other royal residences. Louis ruled through a number of councils: The death of his maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain, in 1665, precipitated the War of Devolution. [76] The signatories, however, omitted to consult the ruler of these lands, and Charles II was passionately opposed to the dismemberment of his empire. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. "[8], It was his mother who gave Louis his belief in the absolute and divine power of his monarchical rule.[9]. The members refused to comply and ordered all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned. To remind the people of these triumphs, Louis erected permanent triumphal arches in Paris and the provinces for the first time since the decline of the Roman Empire. Among the better documented are Louise de La Vallière (with whom he had five children; 1661–67), Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt (1665), Catherine Charlotte de Gramont (1665), Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan (with whom he had seven children; 1667–80), Anne de Rohan-Chabot (1669–75), Claude de Vin des Œillets (one child born in 1676), Isabelle de Ludres (1675–78), and Marie Angélique de Scorailles (1679–81), who died at age 19 in childbirth. This approaches the career of a professional ballet dancer.[104]. This major development in ballet played an important role in promoting French culture and ballet throughout Europe during Louis' time. Pierre Beauchamp, his private dance instructor, was ordered by Louis to come up with a notation system to record ballet performances, which he did with great success. Conseil royal des finances ("Royal Council of Finances") who was headed by the "chef du conseil des finances" (an honorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council that was opened to the high aristocracy. This line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. [7] At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. They were among the most significant means to spread royal propaganda prior to the construction of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Despite evidence of affection early on in their marriage, Louis was never faithful to Maria Theresa. Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé's army to return to aid Louis and his court. Louis could not accept these terms.[85]. [110], Louis died of gangrene at Versailles on 1 September 1715, four days before his 77th birthday, after 72 years on the throne. [135][136] He named it after Louis IX and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers. Louis's extravagance at Versailles extended far beyond the scope of elaborate court rituals. French military successes near the end of the war took place against the background of a changed political situation in Austria. According to the political doctrine of the era, France was an absolutist, divine right monarchy. [92], Louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the Catholic Church in France. 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