Click here to download GPS waypoints and POIs for all of the camps in Michigan in GPX format. In the heart of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, one mile west of the small town of Sidnaw, a POW Camp held 251 Germans from February of 1944 until April of 1946. Lumber Page 2 . EGLE's interactive calendar is designed to provide timely information on decisions before the Director, proposed settlements of contested cases, administrative rules promulgation, public hearings, meetings and comment deadlines, and environmental conferences, workshops and training programs. GR&I - Grand Rapids and Indiana [ back to RAILROAD COMPANIES ] Was the first railroad company into the northwestern lower Michigan region going to Clam Lake (Cadillac) in 1871 and Traverse City in 1872. The card is postmarked September 8, 1924. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions They are the stuff of north country legends and lumberjacks were notorious for their drinking and brawling. Please update to a modern browser such as Chrome, Firefox or Edge to experience all features Michigan.gov has to offer. The State Road started to bring in more pioneers or settlers. Following Mr. Baldwin was the next purchase of land. That company was one that pioneered the use of the Big Wheels method of hauling logs out of the forest. In 1859, the State of Michigan promulgated an act that appropriated highway taxes for the improvement of the road from Ellington to White Rock. With the completion of the State Road, officially Cass City was started. This land near the Cass River and on the hill was hospitable and convivial ground. The data includes information on the State of Michigan funded drinking water Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) sampling effort, including, but not limited to, sample location, sample date, sample results, etc. The first camp was about five miles north of Lewiston. In the surface water PFAS data layer, PFAS analytes associated with a K flag were not detected in the sample and therefore the method detection limit (MDL) is displayed. Maintained as a furnished museum. The trees were massive, the work was dangerous and often deadly, the scale of it all -- from the wealth amassed to the forests felled and forever changed -- unlike anything the state had seen. Click here to view ADA accessible camping options at Michigan state parks. These towns in Michigan are the smallest in our state according to the latest census data. Originally conceived as a logging railroad, construction of the M. & N.E. Flickr/cmh2315fl. Another reminder of local . A smaller bedroom was next to the kitchen. More information. Previous interpretation of these characteristics as simply reflecting varying levels of competition for labor seems inadequate. Proudly powered by WordPress Mason County Historical Society: Museum Hours: 360.426.1020 427 West Railroad Avenue PO Box 1366 Shelton, WA 98584. This may have occurred when the Cooper & Wright Camp was just past its peak. However, with foresight, tracts were purchased early on by David Ward, who was a pine looker. Click on the map to get details. Around the old Cooper & Wright Camp, the land was now logged. The machinery was soon to be taken to the new mill that in the city would have a good front. Smyth Road Bridge. Detailed historical evidence indicates that the loggers preferred ceramic tableware and fresh domestic meats, although metal tableware was dominant and wild game and/or preserved meats were characteristic of early camps and later small-scale operations. Crawford County Maps - 20. Alexander Cooper soon married Jane Sherman. McKies purchases would be the foundation of todays Cass City. Box 341 - Edinburg, VA 22824 - 540-984-8735 - ccc@ccclegacy.org this location. Delta County West Maps - 21. Current Interlochen State Park sign with centennial plaques. 0:00. 1938 Michigan Department of Conservation Field Administration Division map Although the camps were no longer running in 1938, the turn-of-the-century logging camps marked on the 1938 map above were located in: Section 1 ~ C&M Camp #48 Section 14 ~ Camp No. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. It was the white pines that brought logging companies and lumbermen to upper Michiganbut it was the French who started it all, when they began cutting down Michigan's trees for forts and housing. Continue with Recommended Cookies. In 1866, the State Road was completed into Elkland. The number of PFAS analytes EGLE analyzes in surface water samples has increased over the years. A part of Driving Logs on the Cass, an early poem, tells a story about Mr. Tennant and his hotel business: At length with joy, we reached the forks and halted for the night.The drive we had been following lay plainly in our sight,All grounded on the rapids a little space below;And for want of water, no farther could we go.Twas in the morn that Miller saw that they were thus detained.With sorrow, he discharged the crew; not even one remained.All for Cass City, we were bound ere homeward we would start,To take a glass in friends before that we would part.Arguing at George Tennants house, the drinks went freely round.The boys were all in merriment; the barroom did resound.As our foreman did not try our feelings for to mar.As each made his appearance, he was hoisted oer the bar.A few hours were briefly spent and then the word good-bye.We heard from almost every man as night was drawing nigh.Thus gay as summer flowers, we all left Millers drive.Happy to think through dangers wild we all were yet alive.. LANSING, Jan 23, 1887--Truth is stranger than fiction, and it is frequently more horrible. A man atop a load of logs being dragged across the snowy U.P. In Michigan, much of this work involved tree planting, which occurred during the spring to fall seasons. Her book was, The Lewiston Story and Montmorency County Notes. This data is static and was last pulled October 29, 2021. He also served in the Spanish-American war. Click any camp to preview a map of the camp. . Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. From Canada, George Tennant came to Centerville, now Caro, in 1866 and in 1869 moved to Cass City, where he embarked in the hotel business. Hearing of the great stands of pine near the Cass River, a plan by Mr. Ward to make himself wealthy was cast. This 1917 photo shows a crew and their early GMC logging truck - one of the first GMC models to feature worm-drive (with a drive shaft) instead of chain drive. McMillan had purchased many of the upper peninsula's railroads and consolidated them into the DSS&A. With the falling of the pine timber, the wealth of the area would be realized and revealed. MPART stands for the Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART). A charcoal and chemical operation was moved from Harrietta in 1891. As low as $5.00. The local group of investors played a mutually beneficial role in the lumbering of Elkland. 1536 West Cherry Creek Road. There are two shoe shops of Thomas Rowell and G. Ahr. From the abundance of elk, the land received its name as we note! However, the table does contain a field "Hexagon ID" that connects the the result with the general location symbolized by the hexagon layer. After the war or 1864, the interest in lumbering the Cass River returned, and much money here was spent. Adrian to Hillside, MI MI | LS&MS, NYC, PC The Algonac Transit Authority Marine City to Algonac, MI MI | ATA Alma to Howard City, MI MI | C&O, CSX, M-MRR, PM The Bad Axe Subdivision Cass City to Bad Axe, MI MI | GTW Baldwin to Midland, MI MI | C&O, CSX, PM Bankers to Jackson, MI MI | CR, FW&J, FWJ&S, HCRR, LS&MS . It was a brutal job in harsh conditions. Lunde was an active Republican, serving on the Republican State Central Committee. It was so named because early on it was a vast area in the Thumb of Michigan that supported herds of elk that were in great numbers. On the corner, erected, was the large new hotel. Census Office, Morse, Sidney E. (Sidney Edwards), 1794-1871. There were logging camps in every part of the Upper Peninsula. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. A scene from the L.B. During the next few years, Lunden gradually shifted his base of operations into Otsego and Cheboygan Counties. During the 1890s Lunden was company scout for Michelson and Hanson Lumbering Company. Three Oregon loggers pose with tools of their trade in the late 1800s. Soon after this sale transpired others soon recognized the Shay's advantages and sales took off. (Map of Clare County, Michigan) 1 : 190080 Walling, H. F. Clare 1 : 62500. Photo by . Understanding the "SystemType" field: See table below. But guess what? The drive is famed for its fall color scenery. Request Permissions. "Uncle Sam is not often called a fool in business matters, yet he has sold millions of acres of timber land at two dollars and a half an acre on which a single tree was worth more than a hundred dollars." John Muir, Our National Parks, 1901. . Felled trees are stacked along a railroad track and are being loaded onto a train in Pequaming, a lumber town that once supplied Henry Ford with raw materials for his Detroit auto plant. Our goal is not to destroy your woodlot but to help you maintain it. Learn more about MPART at Michigan.gov/PFASResponse Contact EGLE-Maps@Michigan.gov MPART PFAS Geographic Information System This app features several datasets as part of Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART)'s efforts: PFAS Sites (official list of PFAS sites in Michigan) Contaminant data often include flags, also known as qualifiers, which are notes attached to data that gives detailed information about that particular result. It's free! and in a decade, much of the thick pine forests were cut leaving behind them an ocean of stumps. People would ask him where he caught the fish, and he would tell them, Oh, out by that island out there., Once he was skinning a deer in his front yard out of season, and the game warden lived across the street. That became Hartwick Pines State Park. West (b. The Otsego County Historical Museum is located at 320 W. Main Street in downtown Gaylord and is open from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday through the summer. Yuma began as a logging camp area in a hardwood forest. AWFUL TALES OF OUTRAGE IN LUMBER AND MINING CAMPS. Before the end of the Civil War in 1866, there was no road to the Cooper & Wright Camp except a tote or Lumberman supply road, which went between the Village of Tuscola to Centerville, now Caro; where the rough road ran along the north bank of the Cass River. This was the start of greater travel to the Fork of the Cass River and Sanilac County. Non-community water supplies are considered "Type I" (serves 25+ people 6 months out of the year) and Community water supplies are considered"Type II" (serves 25+ people year-round). download ExpertGPS mapping software, which will allow you to print maps of any camp in Michigan, view camps on USGS topo maps and aerial photos, and send the camps as waypoints or POIs directly to your GPS receiver. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. It consumed the energy of the whole country. An 1888 illustration by a New York agency depicting lumbering in Michigan. B,M,N,A,Pk picture map. We asked her if she knew Elmer Thompson, and she said, Oh yes, we were neighbors., Her house was near his cabin with the waterwheel. 2023 Advance Local Media LLC. A full log boom onSaginaw Bay. James Morgan Baldwin made the first purchase of land in Elkland in Section 26 in July 1850. 3,000 new books annually, covering a wide range of subjects including biomedicine and the life sciences, clinical medicine, The Logging Camps of Elkland Michigan January 10, 2022 by Mark Putnam The Development of Its Early Roads and Cass City by Mark Putnam How Elkland Got is Name In Tuscola County, near the headwaters of the Cass River and the fork of its north and south branches, lies today's Township of Elkland Michigan. The logging industry has always relied on Wisconsin's network of rivers to move the logs from the remote forest locations to cities for milling and distribution. Photo taken between 1910-1912. In Michigan fires destroyed or seriously damaged several communities including Manistee, Port Huron, Holland, East Saginaw, and several villages in Sanilac, Huron, and Tuscola counties. A "portable sawmill" in Hastings, Barry County, Mich. in 1895. Cass City developed like most towns and cities on the Cass River from a logging camp or sawmill. The Summitville ledger was from my 3x great grandfather Samuel G. Randall who ran the train station. The other author we met was Roberta Hanna, who wrote a book about growing up in Lewiston. The web Browser you are currently using is unsupported, and some features of this site may not work as intended. Both were lumbermen who were familiar with the qualities of wood and lumber. by two horses. Our family used this property as a vacation home for many years. etc. UpNorth Memories - Donald (Don) Harrison . By 1849, the year Minnesota Territory was created, logging was in full swing, especially in the pine-rich lands along the St. Croix and Rum Rivers. Photo undated. In 1888, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) took control of the DSS&A. On a little tour of investigation in 1910, the writer looked over three old camp sites. The harvesting of timber was an important engine of the state's early economic development, just as it is today, and camps to support logging operations were built throughout much of Wisconsin. The pine timber here, when chopped and cut into logs,, could be run or floated down Center Creek to the Cass River where the logs could be floated further down the river and boomed and drawn into sawmillsit was a grand lumbering area. As quoted in the Center for Michigan History Studies, The millions and millions of board feet of Michigan lumber truly helped build this country, but we will never see this again, as the trees are now gone. Printable Maps Current Road Status. The data was collected using AECOMs Environmental Quality Information System (EQuIS) database tools. The Civilian Conservation Corps, established in 1933, put young men to work during the Great Depression. The small town of Sidnaw in the central-western Upper Peninsula was home to one of several POW camps throughout Michigan. Michigan's lumber boom wasan era defined by the huge, the heroic, and the heartbreaking. In 1892-1894, the CPR funded construction of the DSS&A west from the Keweenaw Peninsula to Duluth. They logged the area and were enamored by the land, so they were located here, making for themselves homesteads. The Cass River flowed through the south portion of Elkland. Unsuspecting guests at our house would fall victim to whoopee cushions, fake spiders, pepper gum, and fake vomit, courtesy of Orwicks. Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Emergency Planning and Community-Right-to-Know, Remediation Information Data Exchange (RIDE), Michigan Environmental Health and Drinking Water Information System (MiEHDWIS), Oil, Gas, and Minerals Division Data Explorer (Dataminer), Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Requests, https://dev.michigan.local/som/json?sc_device=json. But you will see it again.Right now.Just scroll down and see a photo gallery of 100 Michigan lumber camp scenes and get a feel of what Michigan's awesome logging industry once was. Alexander Cooper likely engaged in clearing Center Creek to allow the floating of logs without difficulty. THE STATE LEGISLATURE AROUSED. Following the first winter in 1855, he purchased farmland in Section 27 after he quickly earned enough money. In 1855, he purchased land in Sections 26 and 27 near Mr. Also, I fondly remember the comic books, gags and tricks, glider airplanes, records, and milk shakes we bought at Orwicks drug store and the village gift shop. In the living room, there was a small hill that descended into the kitchen. Hatton 1 : 25000. WILLIAM ADDIS LOGGING RAILROAD (Newaygo County) 1879 The Addis logging railroad runs from White Cloud to Crooked Lake, Beaver and Monroe Twps. ), Nontransient Noncommunity Water Supplies (including schools, businesses, childcare providers, Michigan Head Start locations, motels, resorts, etc. The lumberjacks' first task at a new . Categorized under Logging Camps and Contractors. In May 1851 through August 1854 Mr. Baldwin purchased many large tracts of pine timberland in various townships throughout Tuscola County. Map of the State of Michigan colored to show the geological formations. All that lumber cut from Michigan's woods ended up at saw mills and then lumber yards. 12-3-79 L GAZ also 12-6-79 NWL p3 I don't know how long the old sawmill might have been there, or if it was a big enough operation to have a logging train. Map and Download 899 Camps in Michigan to your GPS | Maps of all 899 Camps in Michigan (topo maps, street maps, aerial photos) Map and Download GPS Waypoints for 899 Camps in Michigan Click here to download GPS waypoints and POIs for all of the camps in Michigan in GPX format. The second geared model to debut was the Climax. Logs are loaded onto a ship near Pequaming. Then Lumber Logging Camp Wolverine Michigan MI Reprint Postcard. As the logging increased, camps were set up throughout the county. The Upper Peninsula was rich in different breeds of pine as well as many hardwoods. circa 1950 Today, whether a resident with ancient ancestry, here or someone who is new, Cass City is a great place in which to live. Lunden served as the coordinator for all of the company camps in Montmorency County. The mill was near the mouth of the Saginaw River. Photos from Michigan's History. The camp was originally built as a CCC camp and after the capture of thousands of German soldiers in Africa, they were sent to the United States to be held as POWs. During the war in the south, many people were sent. The old logging camps were named for the section that they were located in. A passerby asked him, Arent you afraid hes gonna catch ya?, Nah, hes out in the woods looking for violators!. McKie likewise purchased tracts of land in Sections 33 & 34 that would become the south part of Cass City and that included todays Center Creek that emptied into the Cass River. Along the river the pines, often old and large stood to be cut in winter with ax and later saws. That was a dry summer, and at the same time the towns of Alpena, Holland, Manistee and Port Huron in Michigan burned. Mr. Wrights associate, Hugh Cooper, and his cousin Alexander P. Cooper came to Tuscola County from Salem, New York. Instead, interaction between worker culture and the industrial environment is stressed, and mutual adaptation is seen as the result. Learn more about MPART at Michigan.gov/PFASResponse. Herman Lunden died January 11, 1929 after having given a talk before the Bay City Chamber of Commerce about the paving of M-76 from Standish to Roscommon. As above Cass City, it was a lumbering area; the Tennant Hotel was the lodging place for many a crew that drove white pine logs down the river. 43, December 1959), Rolland H. Maybee describes a typical Michigan lumber camp, circa 1875-1900. Research Design Elkland then included the Township Novesta, which is on the south side of the Cass River today. The industry was boom or bust and in the 1930s was well on its way to the latter. On the north ridge of the Cass River and the old lumbermens road, now the State Road, the site could grow in prosperity. Another rollicking lumber boom town was Meredith, between Gladwin and Houghton Lake. Photo taken between 1880 and 1899, aia Library of Congress. National Registry of Historic Places, 1978. Because of the large number of American men serving in the . Herman Lunden, in addition to his business interest, was active in various public service endeavors. William McKie was a member of a wealthy family that was initially involved in farming, and that also was from Salem, New York. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of man-made chemicals that include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). A booster to his home region, Lunden served on the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau and the Tri-State Development Congress, and was a supporter of the Northeastern Michigan Development Bureau. In Tuscola County, near the headwaters of the Cass River and the fork of its north and south branches, lies todays Township of Elkland Michigan. Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps, were built to provide support for the numerous CCC . Chippewa County West Maps - 17. The shanty boys who became the local pioneers cleared and farmed their own land in the summer. Two loggers sit atop a massive eight-foot-wide stump in Falk Woods, in the Upper Peninsula, in 1907. Mr. Baldwin and his wife Antoinette moved to Tuscola County early in 1851. Many of the lumber camps operated their own farms with livestock and crops grown for camp supplies. The real-life version of the previous illustration: Loggingon the river in Menominee, Mich., 1899. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. These tracts were near and on the Cass River. The data represents the PFAS sample locations, with each location having multiple samples taken, dates for each sample, and the analytical results for each sample. This data is updated as new PFAS sites are encountered. Cass Citys great character and nature come from its great locale that was once fantastic white pine timberland. Photo taken about 1911. Chippewa County East Maps - 17. Michigan Marriages 1868-1925. The locations that have been sampled in this effort include Community Water Supplies (including regional and municipal water supplies, manufactured housing communities, residential apartment buildings, etc. To look through photos from that chapter of Michigan history is to peer back into a time that seems almost incomprehensible to us now. Water Wonders. Eventually, logging moved inland and temporary logging camps were erected each winter in a new location close to a fresh stand of pines. Banked on the riverbank and released in spring with the melt the logs were driven downriver . OTSEGO COUNTY Although the logging . Michigan County Maps of Road and Highway's This Library of Congress image from May 1936, taken in Michigan, shows the enormous wheels traditionally used to drive logging teams -- these wheels in particular were 10 feet in diameter. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (each updated 1/26/2023). Click Send to GPS on the GPS menu to send the camps as waypoints (POIs) to your GPS. Baldwin lived in Vassar from where he performed his pineland investing. Michigan Lumbering History, Lewiston and Hartwick Pines In 1927, Karen Michelson Hartwick donated a tract of land near Grayling to the State of Michigan with 86 acres of virgin white pine and 4,000 acres of land where timber was cut. Then, Settlements sprang up around the churches, schools, and general stores throughout the county. At the base of a high, snow-covered bank in Michigan, loggers maneuver logs into a river with pike poles. Fire also spread all the way across Michigans Thumb area. Andrew Walmsley, a friend of Mr. In that book, it showed our house was owned by Otis Kneeland. Springer is one of the leading international scientific publishing companies, publishing over 1,200 journals and more than The POWs held there experienced a much friendlier environment than expected while providing much-needed labor for the logging industry [5]. The Cooper & Wright Camp brought in many who became pleased with the character and fertility of Elkland. Logging map of the Upper Peninsula. Most of the lumbering towns have their tales of bullets and blood. William McKie in July 1851 made purchases in Sections 27 & 28 that were about a mile back from the Cass River. The data comes from Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Operations, and Management (AECOM) (State of Michigan contractor) who are collecting and submitting the samples to certified drinking water PFAS laboratories. A massive sawmill complex and powerful hydroelectric plant were constructed at Iron Mountain. Mark is a writer and historian based in Tuscola County Michigan. Our house was one of only three homes that survived three different fires that burned down the town during the lumbering years. The State Road east of Cass City was north of what is M-81 today. In January 1854, Mr. Ward made purchases of pine timber tracts in Elkland in Section 1 near the Cass River and in 5 and 8 above the swamp and headwaters of Center Creek. In these two sections, the north part of the future town of Cass City would be built. A pair ofmen in the middle of felling a tree at an undisclosed Michigan lumber camp. 2. Our job is hard, but our mission is simple: to protect Michigans environment and public health by managing air, water, land, and energy resources. With an emphasis on the formation of a global economy following the exploration and colonization of the 1400s, Historical Archaeology publishes articles on cultural identity and ethnicity, the archaeological expressions of cultural landscapes, theoretical applications to historic sites, archaeological studies of architecture, the archaeology of foodways, technological and methodological approaches to the historic past, synthetic studies on a variety of topics, major site excavations, material culture, and other topics, from both terrestrial and nautical sites. The Petoskey News-Review. Bay Shore Road Bridge. Company records indicate that by 1935 Pete Moses had moved his family's logging operation to a new location several miles north of the Moses Camp. The French were followed by the British, who used our trees for war ships and merchant boats. How a lumberman's daughter saved Hartwick Pines' magical forest for Michigan, 7 reasons Hartwick Pines is a Michigan summer must-see. My dad told stories about Uncle Elmer, who was a road construction engineer during the Good Roads project. The State Road would be built west and east through the middle of the McKie tracts. A towering stack of Michigan timber. On the Cass River, there yet was the steam sawmill in operation. CCC camps and historic logging camps. Cooper & Wright likely began logging in the winter of 1855. The Mason County Historical Society offers a wide range of logging history from picture books, to company history and to personal memoirs. Search for your ideal state park or state forest campground using this web page. Going northeast and parallel with the North Branch of the Cass River, the first State Road avoided the building of a bridge over the Cass River. The Watrous Camp likely used the logging roads that they cut to skid logs to the Cass River as parts of the future State Road. A. Postcard RPPC Sawmill Holbrook Logging Lumber Iowa Michigan 23-2288. . This app features several datasets as part of Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART)'s efforts: Call our Environmental Assistance Center at 800-662-9278 for assistance with reading or interpreting this map. The logging camps were located along major rivers, the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix, as well as along streams that fed into these rivers. Ma & Dad." At this time, supplies traveled on the north side of the river, and across the river there was no bridge. Behind the garage, there was an outhouse. That is where I learned to water ski. Where did the Public Water Supply results come from? Tracks would be picked up and re-laid through the forest as often as yearly in order to quickly clear out the last substantial trees (Williams 1989). Dear Winona, just a line Dad went in a big ditch as he went around a corner. Some camps have turned into regular towns, some have faded away to nothing, and some sit empty and abandoned with a few remaining remnants of buildings and/or equipment. An undated photo of men at a Michigan logging camp eatingdinner together. CCC Legacy - P.O. In the fall of 1870, Cass City was a small stirring community. Camp supplies forest for Michigan, loggers maneuver logs into a time that seems almost to. South portion of Elkland dear Winona, just a line dad went in a cookie moved from Harrietta in.. The churches, schools, and his cousin alexander P. Cooper came to Tuscola County woods up... After the war in the central-western Upper Peninsula, in addition to his interest... Falk woods, in the lumbering of Elkland of bullets and blood, Sidney E. ( Sidney Edwards,... The camp local group of investors played a mutually beneficial role in summer... 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Mcmillan had purchased many of the lumber camps operated their own land in the 1930s was on! Camp to preview a map of Clare County, Mich., 1899 writer and historian in. Provide support for the numerous CCC them into the kitchen a little tour of investigation in 1910 the... Town of Sidnaw in the City would have a good front for Personalised ads and content, and. 1851 through August 1854 Mr. Baldwin and his wife Antoinette moved to Tuscola County Michigan,. Early in 1851, Pk picture map loggers pose with tools of their trade in central-western... E. ( Sidney Edwards ), 1794-1871 content you upload or otherwise submit to this site may not work intended... To download GPS waypoints and POIs for all of the large new hotel between!, M, N, a plan by Mr. Ward to make himself wealthy cast.
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