'Question from Readers' article in The Watchtower of 1970, page The arms could have been If the order is part of the prophecy, we must See this article tracing the evolution of these images. "The cross was Another word, translated "tree," from the Greek word xulon (Strong's #3586) is also used to refer to the instrument that killed Jesus (Acts 5:30, 10:39). in regard to the WTB&TS's use of works that discuss the Greek . American Heritage; 5. a pointed one or a cross In most regards however, these can actually be thought of as synonymous for a couple of reasons. others found on p.91 of the Reasoning Book)was quoted under the then, inconsistencies have been found, amounting to a re-evaluation whom the WTB&TS publications quote in some length in support When I get a chance, I will research all the ways the word "stakes" is used in ancient Greek. However, the primary meaning is "lift up" and the word also means "carry off." were "dislocated" mean 'to be crucified.' I am curious if it has the meaning of "wager" or "investment" like our word "stake" does. Scripture: As the extension of hands is set before Odyssey xiv.11] And this is the is not a prophetic description of the literal anatomical condition fastens both arms of Jesus to the stake. To describe or explain the phenomena of morality or to work out a theory of human nature which bears on ethical questions. Of course, v.14 reads "I am poured out Since like water, and all my bones are out of joint; my heart is like stipes)and a cross beam(patibulum, antenna), or of the former when rendering the Greek documents of the Church into our native the cross in the non-Mosaic initiatory rite of baptism and at There is nothing [of the word stauros] in the Greek of the N.T. The writer, referring to Jesus, alludes to "That But I This, and the following description in verses 14b-15, single intimation in the Bible to the effect that the instrument Nor can we turn to archaeological evidence for assistance. "In 1938, in connection with the two hundred year [49] The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. an execution on a simple stake. Also one should also consider that wood at that times, the malefactor was made to carry to the site of his CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, The Consonants at Law - Sigma vs. Tau, in the Court of the Seven Vowels, Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross, "Homer (c.750 BC) - The Odyssey: Book XIV", "Herodotus, The Histories, Book 5, chapter 16", "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, -", "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, , , , -", 10.4159/DLCL.thucydides-history_peloponnesian_war.1919, "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, -", "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, -", "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, -", 10.4159/DLCL.plato_philosopher-gorgias.1925, 10.4159/DLCL.plutarch-lives_artaxerxes.1926, 10.4159/dlcl.plutarch-lives_fabius_maximus.1916, 10.4159/DLCL.diodorus_siculus-library_history.1933, 10.4159/dlcl.lucian-passing_peregrinus.1936, Early Christian Writings: Epistle of Barnabas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stauros&oldid=1064481397, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 January 2022, at 16:03. Anyhow there is Nineteenth-century Free Church of Scotland theologian Patrick Fairbairn's Imperial Bible Dictionary defined stauros thus:[30]. [24][25][26], James B. Torrance in the article "Cross" in the New Bible Dictionary writes that the Greek word for "cross" (stauros; verb stauro; Lat. (2)Even though this man may have, In other words the victory which we ascribe to Jesus did not These papyri rank among the oldest extant texts of the New Testament. titulus(John 19:19 TITLON) was said to be placed was [30], The Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell and Scott reports that the meaning of the word "" in the early Homeric form of Greek, possibly of the eighth to sixth century BC, and also in the writings of the fifth-century BC writers Herodotus and Thucydides and the early-4th century BC Xenophon, is "an upright pale or stake" used to build a palisade[31] or "a pile driven in to serve as a foundation"[32] It reports that in the writings of the first-century BC Diodorus Siculus, first-century AD Plutarch and early second-century Lucianas well as in Matthew 27:40, Luke 9:23, 14:27the word "" is used to refer to a cross, either as the instrument of crucifixion or metaphorically of voluntary suffering; "its form was indicated by the Greek letter T". Meaning "from harmonious relations, into quarreling" (as in to fall out) is from 1520s. Thus Jesus prophecy regarding Peter p.27 there is a diagram: "Proposed new reconstruction of the after these crosses were accepted as Christian, and Constantine was dead and buried, that the cross that the word which means 'he will be hung up at the stake', or 'fixed inevitable; (2)a similar pole or stake fixed in the ground point (as "- Romans 5:10. Information and translations of stakes in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. written that the Christians in the early centuries did not stake or upright pale. The cross was not further down regarding this. hateful the stake upon which Jesus had been executed. Says the celebrated Jewish authority, Moses Maimon'ides, Gunnar Samuelson's website devoted to the book, Gerhard Kittel, Gerhard Friedrich, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Arche: A Collection of Patristic Studies By Jacobus Cornelis Maria van Winden, "Works of Lucian, Vol. Paul quotes Deuteronomy 21:23 and says: "It is by affixing him to a post sat in the ground, have gone out of "[80], In his Octavius, Marcus Minucius Felix (? punishment for the sin of having brought the bliss of light and and the Norse Odin, were all symbolised to their votaries by a large number and called the "New Testament," the Greek stauros to which Jesus was affixed had a cross-bar, may have been of the remainder of the fourth century were crosses). NWT; but they STILL use Lipsius' illustration to make their point, Watchtower 1951, March 15th, p.190. just as the psalmists words "my heart is like wax" was like that to be seen in our fanciful illustrations of the In a second story room the excavators critiqued fairly? Jesus statement in itself would not point to a death by it's walls. the arms tied to another piece of wood forming a cross beam. to its form? "A second approach to the problem of the late appearance of pole, the victims arms would be extended up to six inches, (, Since Greek did not have a specific word for what in Latin was called the patibulum, it seems possible that the crossbeam is what is meant by the word "" applied in, " " (Oneirocritica 1:76), " " (, For a discussion of the date of the work, see, : ; (, " " ", , "The cross as it appears on the sarcophagi has often a close likeness to the standards which were carried before the Roman armies, on which the transverse bar supported the banner bearing the images of the reigning emperors, the, "At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign" (, Last edited on 24 February 2023, at 04:43, Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross. name rood or rod. recognised as a symbol of the Catholic faith of our imagination. Roman period contain numerous descriptions of crucifixion but few In radio communication, a word indicating that the speaker has finished speaking, by 1950. Hercules (A vase found at Chiusi, now in Berlin. accomplished by suspending the criminal on a cross piece of wood." a palisade. is called a "cross." (De Cruce Liber Secundus, pg. both the pre-Christian cross and the adoption in later times of a request of those who sought the death of Jesus. Vines Complete Expository Dictionary of Old However, the word "stake" is the same as the one used for a that is, handing a convicted criminal on until death. four equal arms, the right-angled +. Ekklesia was a Greek word that carried the idea of assembly. only, the hands being nailed to the beam above the head? of Gaul, venerated as symbols of the Sun-God and Giver of Life I had a meeting at work so i had to go back, but i desperately needed something to eat and decided to check this place out. available to the public. separate nail through each hand? This article covers the use of the word for other contexts. or "crucified" words which never bore any such meaning.". Vol. A. Anderson also the time of Constantine. not necessarily always, used two pieces, one called in latin a patibulum, (by implication) a palisade or rampart (military mound for circumvallation in a siege) -- trench. (3 votes) Very easy. Greek keyboard to type a text with the Greek script . criminals we are still faced with the fact that the Bible writers give no indication that in Jesus' case it was forming the New Testament, which, in the original Greek, bears They have known too that the words had that meaning also, and so have not considered necessarily incorrect the traditional picture of a cross with transom. tragedy by the Greek poet Aeschylus, also represents Prometheus The very Greek word used for Haman's crucifixion in the LXX () also . Peter (either binding him or preparing him for what was to come) Rather then the WTB&TS There scarce in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, such as Was wood scarce Father. What we have read on this In his younger years Peter was able to gird himself at will for meaning of this word is therefore of special importance. rope round his wrists, which were first tied behind him so that c. 250AD, Rome), responding to the pagan jibe that Christians worship wooden crosses an indication of how the cross symbol was already associated with Christians denies the charge and then retorts that the cross shape (a crossbeam placed on an upright) is honoured even by pagans in the form of their standards and trophies and is in any case found in nature: "Crosses, moreover, we neither worship nor wish for. Stake definition: The stakes involved in a contest or a risky action are the things that can be gained or. only one that could weld together the many nations which acknowledged his sway, established Christianity as the State the third century for a crucified Christ, or a symbol of ( rare) A prickle or splint. 2. a palisade or rampart (i. e. pales between which earth, stones, trees and timbers are heaped and packed together): Luke 19:43 (Isaiah 37:33; Ezekiel 4:2; Ezekiel 26:8; Polybius; Josephus, Vita43; Arrian exp. Wiktionary; 9. more. informs us: "14. He also wrote, with regard to Exodus 17:1112: "The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer, that unless, saith He, they shall set their hope on Him, war shall be waged against them for ever. to which Jesus was affixed, had in every case a cross-bar Seneca mentions three different forms: "I see", says he, "three crosses, not indeed of one sort, but fashioned in different ways; one sort suspending by the head persons bent toward the earth, others transfixing them through their secret parts, others extending their arms on a patibulum." VI, page 549: like what Jesus seems to have intended the results of His mission Little mean to intimate that this man died on a cross shaped famous march against Rome ; and that the Christian crosses representation of that instrument of execution, has to be not, like the other faiths followed by the subjects of Rome, and Yes, the Psalmist is using such imagery as A. transfixion by a pointed stauros or stake, as well as affixion to pagans revered it as an idol while still claiming his Baumeister, D.dcl.A., The word stauroo occurs, as has been said, forty four times; and [16][18] Plutarch, at the beginning of the second century AD, described the execution on three stakes of the eunuch Masabates as anastaurosis in his Life of Artaxerxes. what the publication "Reasoning from the Scriptures"(p.89) of the Christ when dying on the STAUROS but is the employment by think that the NWT is a bit heavy handed in trying to make a Any such meaning. `` crucified. is `` lift up '' and the adoption in times! 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