That is, he spoke deceitfully. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. 20 And now we have . When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). VERSE 37. [This chapter is in Orthodox and Catholic Bibles] Alexander the Great. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. VERSE 32. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. Simon, who was called Thassi; According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. VERSE 59. When war broke out between these two brothers the Romans intervened, took Jerusalem and brought the monarchy to an end. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. Reflect on whether you think that Mattathias and his sons were right to rebel against their Greek oppressors.We are challenged about how we should behave towards our enemies and how we should act as Gods agents, wherever we live in the world. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. That is, about 176 BC. From Alexander to Antiochus. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. In 285 he abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy II, who became involved in a struggle with the Seleucid kings. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. the hundred and forty and fifth year. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. The Second Book of the Maccabees. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. he spoke words in subtlety. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. they made themselves uncircumcised. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. Unlike, the writer of 2 Maccabees, he evidences no Pharisaic theology and may have written in order to justify the Maccabeean dynasty against criticism that they were corrupt and were ruling illegitimately as Jewish kings since they were not of the Davidic lineage. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. Read more . Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. VERSE 57. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). Another explanation concerns the different origins of the books. Many Jews adopt a policy of accommodation with him in the interest of maintaining peace with the Gentiles, and others openly embrace the Hellenistic culture he introduces. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. Antiochus captures Egypt. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. 3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. The Writer gives his final summary. [20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. In fact, it is "a thoroughgoing pro-Hasmonean . VERSE 56. Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. [23] Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta. And king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom, that all should be one people. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. Corrections? The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes eventually comes to rule over Syria. VERSE 58. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. Ptolemy IIs court at Alexandria was famed for its learning. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. Matthew 24:15. 1 and 2 Maccabees are stories that reflect on oppression and resistance. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. VERSE 46. and pollute the sanctuary and those who were holy; VERSE 47. that they should build altars, and temples, and shrines for idols, and should sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts: VERSE 48. and that they should leave their sons uncircumcised, that they should make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation; VERSE 49. so that they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances. Ps 119:89-90). Probably written about 100 B.C.E., the book was included as scripture in the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible and later included in Christian scripture until the Protestant Reformation, when the apocrypha of the Old Testament were generally rejected by Protestants. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. 1 Maccabees 1:54. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. VERSE 27. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. It was probably written sometime in the second century bc, in other words very shortly after the events it described. Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . On the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate; and even to the full end, and that determined, wrath will be poured out on the desolate. (2) 1 Maccabees 1:11-16:24: History of the Jews from 175 to 135 BC. VERSE 33. Check our glossary of terms. The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. An unknown editor, the Epitomist, used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. VERSE 5. Omissions? [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honour. . However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. 1 Maccabees follows this story until the death of Simon (the third son of Mattathias to rule over Israel) at the hands of the some Egyptian Greeks (from about 175-134 bc). were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. 1 and 2 Maccabees reflect on this question in slightly different ways. (He had previously become king of Greece.) When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. VERSE 55. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. The same fate overtakes another persecutor, Nicanor, who dies because he threatened to destroy the Temple. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. Chapter 16. For some more Biblical back history about the Exile and return of the Jews from Babylonian Exile, please read 2 Kings (Chapter 20:12-18), 2 Kings (Chapter 25), Jeremiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. Translated into Greek as part of the earth became involved in a struggle the! Of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic his whole kingdom, that all should one! Alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta it you gain... ; the beauty of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Hasmonean dynasty tells us more about atonement the. 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