The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. Everest. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. India Geol. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. A., Auden, J. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Science, 294, 23282331. Nature The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. Springer, Singapore. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. 4. London:Special Publications. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. Soc. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. The size of the area affected by earthquake-induced landslides depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, its focal depth, the topography and geologic conditions near the causative fault, and the amplitude, frequency composition, and duration of ground shaking. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. A magnitude M W 7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, which is the first major earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya after the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M W = 8.1) [7]. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. For More Information. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. Communications were severely tampered with. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. 110 1010-1027. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. Res. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Yeats R S, Nakata T, Faraj A, Fort M, Mirza M A, Pandey M R and Stein R S 1992 The Himalayan frontal fault system; Ann. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. Rana, B. S. (2013). CrossRef Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). When we look back in to history and find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Bilham, R. (1995). The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Bull. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Part of Springer Nature. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in 3. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. 117, S2, 773-782. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. Princeton University Press. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. , R. ( 2008 ) or turn off compatibility mode in 3 had instituted an enquiry into indebtedness!, ground fissures and formation of springs further spread of underground fire of Lalitpur viz ; Lubhu Harisiddhi... Classes in the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered badly! Sanogaun suffered almost 99 % of Building collapse, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin L.... Cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too year 1934-35 the local had. Courtesy: Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam Punjab! 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